• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.247-257
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• 1995

This research carried out forest community classification on the basis of the methods of ZM school, in order to furnish useful information needed for forest management, and for afforestation and preservations of Abies koreana forest which was Korean native species, and the research results could be summarized as follows. Abies koreana forest was divided into 10 vegetation units ; This forest was divided into Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community and Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community. Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community was divided into Tripterygium regelii group, Patrinia saniculaefolia group, and Typical group, and Tripterygium regelii group seas divided into Typical subgroup. Pimpinella brachycarpa subgroup, and Hemirocallis fulva subgroup. Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community was divided into Berberis koreana group, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium group, and Typical group. Berberis koreana group was divided into Typical subgroup and Hepatica asiatica subgroup, and Tranchelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium group was divided into Hepatica asiatica subgroup and Typical subgroup. According to the results of the analysis by coincidence method, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community represented in Mt. Chiri, Mt. Deokyu and Mt. Kaya which were located in the Sobaek mountains, Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community represented in Mt. Hanla. Therefore it was thought that Abies koreana forest was classified by geographical position, and vegetation units of Abies koreana forest tended to be classified by the altitude and topography. As for DBH and height of Abies koreana, mean DBH and height of Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community were each 28.4cm, 10.6m that were larger than mean DBH and mean height(each 23.6cm, 6.3m) of Sasa quelpartensis community. Among Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community, Patrinia saniculae-folia group had the smallest mean DBH and mean height(20cm, 5m), and among Abies koreana-Sasa quelpartensis community, Typical group had the smallest mean DBH and mean height(4cm, 3m).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 1994

Community structure, size and age distribution of tree species of the subalpine Korean fir (Abies koreana) forest at the elevation of 1, 400~1, 700m were strudied in the north-west side of Chonwangbong Peak (1915m) in Mt. Chiri for the purpose of better understanding of the population dynamics of Abies koreana. Eight 20m X 20m permanent quadrats were established in 1991, and trees $\geq$ 2.5cm DBH for all species were marked with numbered aluminum tag, and saplings of Korean fir and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) were also tagged with aluminum sheet. These two conifer species comprised more than 60% of the total density and total basal area of the community. Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum were subdominats. Oridination study showed that cool temperate species such as Sorbus commixta, Betula costata, Acer tschonoskii and Acer ukurunduense occurred in close association with Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis. Major tree species, especially Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis, were well represented in samller size classes, indicating that they were regenerating well. Age distributuion of the Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis showed that the former has longer physiological longevity than the latter, and that establishment were episodic and varied with sites, which implies the importance of the role of natural and artificial disturbances in this Abies kireana forest.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from June to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, Jangteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1,290-1,560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1,680-1,780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductivity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1,550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity, Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 1993

Structure and dynamics of Abies koreana community in Mt. Gaya were studied to provide the basic data for conservation of Abies koreana community, an endemic species in Korea. A. koreana community of this study site was composed of tree layer (4~7m), subtree layer (2~4m), shrub layer (1~2m), and herb layer (below 1m). The heights of tree and subtree layers were low. Floristic composition showed that this study site was subalpine and dry site. In frequency distribution diagram of diameter classes of major species consisting of A. koreana community, those of both A. koreana and other species showed reverse J-shaped types. From these results, it was estimated that A. koreana community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable climax state like present state. In the spatal distribution diagram of major species, saplings of A. koreana were established under the canopy of A. koreana and Pinus koraiensis and under the dead tree of A. koreana. From these results, it was known that A. koreana saplings were recruited before the community was disturbed and regeneration was accomplished by advance regeneration pattern, in which these saplings established before occurrence of disturbance fill with open site originated from death of mature tree. Growth of annual rings was variable among individuals, it was estimated that such variation was originated in that growth of each individual relates to microclimatic conditions rather than macroclimatic ones. Ecological longevity of A. koreana in this study site estimated by disturbance types and age of dead trees was about 120 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.366-371
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• 1998

To investigate the structure of Korean native species, Abies koreana forest in subalpine zone of Mt. Halla, 20 plots ($10{\times}10m$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. The forest on subalpine zone in Mt. Halla was Abies koreana - Taxus cuspidata - Sasa quelpaertensis community. High positive correlations were shown between Quercus ${\times}$ grosseserrata and Carpinus laxiflora; Carpinus laxiflora and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Ilex crenata; Taxus cuspidata and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, Prunus padus, and high negative correlations were shown between Abies koreana and Quercus ${\times}$ grosseserrata; Abies koreana and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum; Sasa quelpaertensis and Prunes sargentii. Vigor of Abies koreana was depressed, 8.11% of total number of Abies koreana investigated were dead. DBH of dead individuals ranged mainly 10-30 cm.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P,) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was $10\sim25^{\circ}$, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was $0-45^{\circ}$. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.60-64
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from lune to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, langteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1, 290-1, 560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1, 680-1, 780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Soidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer Pseudo-sieboldianum, As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductvity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1, 550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity , Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.448-456
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• 2022

In this study, the roots and rhizosphere soil of Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata were collected from sites at two different altitudes on Mt. Halla. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) were identified by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The proportion of EMF from the roots was 89% in A. koreana and 69% in T. cuspidata. Among EMF in rhizosphere soils, the genus Russula was the most abundant in roots of A. koreana (p < 0.05). The altitude did not affect the biodiversity of EMF communities but influenced fungal community composition. However, the host plants had the most significant effect on EMF communities. The result of the EMF community analysis showed that even if the EMF were isolated from the same altitudes, the EMF communities differed according to the host plant. The community similarity index of EMF in the roots of A. koreana was higher than that of T. cuspidata (p < 0.05). The results show that both altitude and host plants influenced the structure of EMF communities. Conifers inhabiting harsh sub-alpine environments rely strongly on symbiotic relationships with EMF. A. koreana is an endangered species with a higher host specificity of EMF and climate change vulnerability than T. cuspidata. This study provides insights into the EMF communities, which are symbionts of A. koreana, and our critical findings may be used to restore A. koreana.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 1997

This study was carried out to identify the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships of the coniferous forests in subalpine districts of Mt. Chiri by two-way indicaton species analysis(TWINSPAN) and CCA. The results are summarized as follows; The subalpine coniferous forest in Mt. Chin was classified Abies koreana community group by the TWINSPAN method. The Abies koreana community group was classified Abies koreana-Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolicd and Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis. The Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community classified into two subcommunities, typical and Pinus koraiensis subcommunity. The Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis community classified into three subcommunities such as typical, Taxus cuspidate and Cornus controversa subcommunity. The subalpine conifers commnities in Mt. Chiri could be classified into six vegetation units, which consisted of three vegetation communities and five subcommunities. The relationship between vegetation community and influencing environmental factors was analyzed by using the CCA ordination method. It was found that altitude, concentrations of $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ in soil were, major environmental variables, which influence the distribution of vegetation community in the first axis, and $Ca^{++}$ and altitude in the second axis. In the relations of communities and environmental factors by CCA, the optimal ecological habitats of Abies koreana-Pinus densiflora community could be located at low elevations, in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are rich. Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community prefers the sites in mid-elevation zone, in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are medium level in soil. The optimum site for Abies koreana-Pinus koraiensis community and Abies koreana-Taxus cuspidata community could be high elevations in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are poor. Abies koreana-Cornus controversa community is found in the site at low elevations where $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are medium.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.146-157
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• 1997

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of Korean native species, Abies koreana forest at Cheonwangbong-Deokpyungbong area in Chirisan National Park, 48 plots($10{\times}10m$) were set up with random sampling method. Three groups - Abies koreana community, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community, Picea jezoensis-Betula ermanii community - were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations were shown between Picea jezoensis and Sorbus commixta : Quercus mongodica and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Symplocos chinensis : Euonymus macroptera and Vaccinium koreanum, and high negative correlations were shown between Quereus mongolica and Sorbus commixta. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 0.7208-1.2074. Vigor of Abies koreana was depressed, 12.24 of total number of Abies koreana investigated were dead. DBH of dead individuals ranged mainly 10-30cm.