• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2006

Previous studies have suggested that delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) phenotype differently affect mineral metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 6-month iron supplementation as syrup of NaFeEDTA in improvement of iron status according to ALAD genotype. One hundred thirty adult women living in rural areas of Asan were provided NaFeEDTA syrup once a week for 6 months at the dose of 64mg Fe/week. Three hundred control subjects were observed during the study period. Fasting blood was obtained for analyzing hemoglobin (Hb) and zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) and serum was analyzed for ferritin, iron and total iron capacity (TIBC) levels before and after iron supplementation. Ninety percent of ALAD 1-1 (ALAD1) and 10% of ALAD 1-2 (ALAD2) genotype were observed in the control group. However in the intervention group, 98% showed ALAD1 while only 2% was ALAD2, which is significantly lower proportions of ALAD2 compared to the control group (p<0.01). The iron status of Intervention group significantly improved except for ferritin and TIBC regardless or ALAD genotype, while the control group did not show any changes in iron status except for ZPP. ZPP concentration of the control group significantly increased in both ALAD1 and 2 while the intervention group showed significantly decreased ZPP after supplementation in ALAD1. Iron supplementation in the form of NaFeEDTA seems to be effective in reduction of ZPP levels although ALAD2 did not show significant changes due to the small number. However, it is difficult to make a conclusion from these results, and more specified further investigation is needed with more participants.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2001

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate associations between lead biomarkers, lead-related symptoms, and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genotype among 598 lead workers and 144 control office workers in storage battery industries, secondary smelting and litharge making industries. Lead inhibits the second enzymes, ALAD, in the heme synthesis pathway. ALAD gene, which codes for one of three isozymic proteins (termed ALAD1-1, ALAD1-2, and ALAD2-2), seems to modify the toxicokinetics of lead. The result as follows; The percents of total workers whose genotype of ALAD1-1 and ALAD1-2 were 88.4% and 11.6%, respectively. The zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP) and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALAU) of lead workers with ALAD1-2 were significantly lower than those of lead workers with ALAD1-1, but there were no significant difference between two genotype for blood lead, age, and work duration. The proportion of ALAD1-2 genotype in control office workers was 13.2%. The proportions of ALAD1-2 genotype of lead workers were 14.0%(their mean air lead level below $0.024mg/m^3$), 10.4%($0.025-0.049mg/m^3$), 11.8%($0.050-0.099mg/m^3$), and 9.4%(above $0.100mg/m^3$), respectively. In the logistic analysis of 15 lead related symptoms, 'arthralgia'(S7) symptom of ALAD1-2 was significantly lower (OR=0.481; 95% CI=0.248-0.932) than that of ALAD1-1, but 'feeling of irritation'(S11) of ALAD1-2 was significantly higher(OR=1.636; 95% CI=1.035-2.586) than that of ALAD1-1 after controlling possible confounder (blood lead, work duration, smoking and drinking habit).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.255-270
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• 1993

녹두 유식물의 자엽에서 엽록소 및 단백질 함량과 $\delta$-aminolevulinate dehydratase(ALAD)활성의 변화에 미치는 polyamine의 영향을 조사하였다. Polyamine은 녹화과정에서 자엽내의 엽록소 생성을 촉진하였으며, 이 효과는 KCl에 의해서 상승되었다. 자엽내의 단백질 함량의 변화 또한 엽록소 함량의 변화와 유사하였다. ALAD활성은 암하에서보다 광선하에서 억제되었으나, 18시간 암처리후의 광조사는 ALAD활성을 증가시켰다. Putre-scine처리에 의한 ALAD활성은 암하에서 촉진효과가 낮았으나 광선하에는 그 활성이 증가되었다. KCl은 암하에서 ALAD활성을 촉진시켰으나 광선하에서는 그 효과가 감소되었다. 또한 polyamine과 KCl의 복합처리에서는 촉진효과가 없었다. 이와같은 결과에서 녹두자엽에서의 색소체발달은 polyamine과 광선에 의해 영향을 받으며, polya- mine은 색소체발달에 중요한 작용을 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.526-533
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• 1991

식이 셀렌이 납섭취에 따른 흰주의 혈액 및 간장중의 $\delta$-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase(ALAD)활성 저해에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 체중이 141$\pm$5g이 되는 Sprague-Dawley 종 숫쥐를 식이내 납함량을 0(대조군), 200, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000ppm으로 달리하고, 다시 0.5ppm의 셀렌을 첨가한군과 비첨가군등 9군으로 나누어 4주간 사육한 후 체중증가, 식이효율, 혈중hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 혈액 및 간장중의 ALAD 효소활성, 그리고 뇨증 aminolevulinic acid(ALA)의 배설량을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 식이섭취량은 대조군과 납식이군과 별 차이가 없었고, 식이효율 및 체중증가량은 2,000, 5,000 ppm 납식이군이 유의적으로 낮았으나, 셀렌을 첨가했을 때는 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 2. 장기의 무게는 200, 1,000ppm 납식이군에서 신장의 무게가 대조군에 비해 비대했으나, 셀렌을 첨가했을때는 타실험군과 차이가 없었다. 3. Hemoglobin 함량과 hematocrit치는 납함량이 높을수록 대조군에 비해 감소하였으나, 납함량이 1,000, 2,000ppm군에서는 셀렌을 첨가했을때 비첨가군에 비해 증가되었다. 4. 혈액중 ALAD효소 활성은 납함량이 증가될수록 대조군에 비해 ALAD활성이 현저히 감소되었고 200, 1,000, 2,000ppm 군에서는 셀렌을 첨가했을때 비첨가군에 비해 그 활성이 증가되었다. 간장중의 ALAD효소 활성도 혈액에서와 같은 경향으로 납함량이 즐가될수록 감소되었으나, 혈액에서 보다는 ALAD 활성 감소가 적었으며 셀렌을 첨가한 경우 모든 식이군에서 비첨가군에 비래 ALAD 활성이 증가되었다. 5. 뇨중의 ALA 배설량은 ALAD활성과는 반대로 식이내 납함량이 높을수록 그 배설량이 증가되었고, 셀렌 첨가군에서는 그 배설량이 감소되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.98-105
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• 1986

Rhizobium melitoli 102F51에 N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 및 UV를 처리하여 heme 합성 특성이 다른 세 그룹의 mutant 즉 백색, 적백색 및 적색근류형성 mutant를 선별하여 이들 중 mutant들의 acetylene 환원력, 및 ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid dehydratase (ALAD)를 free living 및 bacteriod 상태하에서 서로 비교하였다. 백색 근류를 형성하는 mutant는 적색 근류형성 mutant에 비하여 acetylene 환원력이 훨씬 낮았으며 ALAS 및 ALAD 활성은 free-living 상태에서는 각 mutant group 사이에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 bacteriod 상태에서는 백색근류생성 mutant에서 적색 근류형성 mutant group에 비하여 ALAS 및 ALAD 공히 현저히 낮았다. 근류에서 ALAS 활성은 heme 합성양에 비례하여 급진적으로 증가하였으나 ALAD 활성은 plant fraction에서는 감소하는 반면 bacteroid fraction에서는 완만하게 증가하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.813-826
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• 1996

발아후 7일된 팥유식물에서 alumlnlum(Al)이 생장, 엽록소 함량, ALAD활성 및 뿌리와 경엽부의 형태에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 저농도(50, 100 $\muM)의$ Al처리에 의해 뿌리와 경엽부의 신장이 매우 감소되었으며 농도가 증가함에 따라 생장이 더욱 억제되었다. 따라서 생장억제는 농도의존적이었다. 뿌리신장은 Al 처리 24시간에서 감소되었으며 7일간의 저농도처리에 의해 억제효과가 회복되는 경향을 보여주었다. Al의 독성증상과 생장반응은 경엽부에 비해 뿌리에서 더 크게 나타났다. Hematoxylin 염색법에 의해 Al 분포를 조사한 결과 Al은 근단을 통해 표피와 피층세포에 축적되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 Al처리는 엽록소함량을 감소시켰으며, ALAD활성 또한 억제시켰다. 엽록소 함량과 ALAD 활성 간에는 양의 상관관계가 나타났다. Al 처리에 의한 뿌리의 형태변화를 보면 표피세포 및 피층세포의 변형 또는 파괴가 관찰되었으며, 뿌리직경과 피층의 체적도 매우 감소되었다. 경엽부에서도 Al처리는 직경과 세포크기의 감소를 보여주었다. 그러나 잎에서의 형태적 변화는 엽록체수와 크기변화 이외에는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과에서 Al의 독성효과는 1차적으로 뿌리에서 나타나며, 뿌리형태의 변화는 뿌리의 생장패턴과 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 Al은 팥유식물에서 특히 뿌리의 형태와 기능적 손상을 일으키는데 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.152-160
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• 2006

Genotype of ALAD and VDR yields two alleles, respectively and it has been implicated in susceptibility to lead toxicity. Also genotype known to variety by race. To evaluate the genetic susceptibility of ALAD and VDR gene on health effect of lead exposure, this study was done with new workers who entered lead industries from 1992 to 2001. Among database of lead industries of Soonchunhyang University Institute of Industrial Medicine, only new workers were selected for this study. The total of eligible workers for this category was 3,540 workers including non lead exposed workers of same lead industries. Genotype of ALAD and VDR were measured from stored blood in specimen bank of Soonchunhyang University, blood lead and other relevant information were obtained from database of each workers which were gathered at their first year of employment. Among 3,540 new employed study subjects during period of 1992-2001, 3204 workers(90.5%) had ALAD genotype 1-1; whereas 336 workers(9.5%) had variant type of ALAD (1-2 or 2-2). Lead exposed workers, 9.8%(n=243) male and 8.1%(n=16) female were heterozygous for the ALAD allele. Also non lead exposed workers, 8.9%(n=67) male and 9.3%(n=10) female were heterozygous for the ALAD allele. For VDR genotype, 2,903 workers(89.7%) out of total tested 3,238 workers were belonged to type bb and 335 workers(10.3%) were type bB or BB. Lead exposed workers, 10.4%(n=235) male and 12.2%(n=24) female were heterozygous for the VDR allele. Also non lead exposed workers, 9.2%(n=64) male and 12.5%(n=12) female were heterozygous for the VDR allele. No significant differences were seen in mean blood lead levels by ALAD and VDR genotype, nor was significantly associated with blood lead except age in multiple regression analysis.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2003

The study subjects included the workers who were estimated to have been exposed in a low density of lead-laden glaze from pottery manufacturers. They were evaluated in terms of PbB and PbU as indices of lead concentration in the body, and Hb, Hct, ALAD, and FEP as indices of biochemical lead poisoning. Consequently, the study results revealed the relationship between each of indices and its effectiveness to indicate the degree of occupational lead exposure. 1. The mean of PbB was $22.85{\;}{\mu}g/d{\ell}$(range; $4.2~44.7{\;}{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) and PbU $45.69{\mu}g/d{\ell}$(range; $6.7~87.5{\mu}g/d{\ell}$), to indicate the level of lead exposure in the subjects. 2. While there was a high, linear correlation between PbB, PbU and FEP (r=0.835, r=0.855, respectively), a low correlation existed between PbB and ALAD(r=-0.240). 3. While there was a high, linear correlation between PbU and FEP(r=0.825), a low correlation existed between PbU and ALAD(r=-0.352). The above results suggest that FEP can be used as a highly useful biochemical index of lead poisoning, based on its high correlation with PbB and PbU indicating lead concentration in the body.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-95
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the preventive effect of KDD against lead toxicity. KDD of 133, 266, 532 and 1,064 mg/kg were administered twice to the rats of Sprague-Dawley strain and then 300 mg/kg lead acetate was given to times, respectively. 1. The $\delta$-ALAD concentration in the urine showed 10.6 ~16.4 mg/kg in the control group indicated statistical significance for the experimental group II, III, IV, V (p<0.05). Also, the Coproporphyrin concentration had 0.119 ~ 0.226 $\mu$g/ml in the control group indicated statiscial significance for the experimental group V of 10 weeks (p<0.05). 2. The $\delta$-ALAD concentration in the blood showed 13.28 ~ 16.08 ALAD unit in the control group indicated statistical significance for the experimental group I (Pb 300 mg/kg) of 6 and 8 weeks, for the experimental group III, IV of 8 and 10 weeks, and for the experimental group V of 4 weeks (p<0.05). The $\delta$-ALAD concentration of experimental group I (Pb 300 mg/kg) group was inclined to decrease during the experiment period. The $\delta$-ALAD concentration of experimental group I (Pb 300 mg/kg) showed statistical significance for the experimental group II, III, IV, V of 6, 8 and 10 weeks. But, there was no statistical significance in the concentration change of hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, hematocrit, Ca, protein among the experimental groups. In conclusion, this study revealed the preventive effect of KDD against lead toxicity and its mechnism inferred to facilitate lead excretion in urinary following hinderance of lead absorption in the gastric-intestine and organs.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제4권3_4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1989

The effects of his ($\beta$-amino-ethyl-oxo) oxalate and bis ($\alpha$-amino-methyl-oxo) oxalate on the toxicity of lead acetate in rast were examined. Rats were given intraperitoneally at the dose of lead acetate 45 mg/kg. The exposure of lead acetate showed the 70% decrease of ALAD ($\delta$-amino levulinic acid dehydratase) activity in red blood cell. In vivo 122 mg/kg administration of bis ($\beta$-amino-ethyl-oxo) oxalate and bis ($\alpha$-amino-methyl-oxo) oxalate showed the 50% increase of ALAD activity, whereas 149 mg/kg administeration of Ca-EDTA had no effect. In vitro, the same results were obtained. Both compounds had hemolytic activity at concentrations higher than that required for showing the 50% ALAD activity increase in vivo.