• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.139-152
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• 2007

Background and Purpose : Emergencies in the school setting occurs frequently. Therefore, the role of first responders is important. General teachers in elementary schools are expected by first responders in school emergencies. This study attempted to assess needs and demands assessment on the first aid education of general teachers in elementary schools. Method : The subjects of this study were 71 general teachers from 8 elementary schools. Data were collected by the questionnaire during the period from March 19 to April 13, 2007. The data were analyzed through frequency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, Independent Two samples t-test, paired T-test, One Way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation by SPSS win 12.0. Result : 1. It showed that 47.9%(34 persons) of general teachers answerd that they experienced emergencies in elementary school setting. Experienced emergencies were wounds(cut, laceration, abrasion etc.) 79.4%(27 persons), bleeding(including epistaxis) 64.7%(22 person), fracture(including dislocation, sprain) 44.1%(15 person), sting or bite 29.4%(10 persons). 2. It showed that 95.8%(68 persons) of subjects answerd that first aid education are necessary. Also 91.5%(65 persons) of subjects answerd that will be educated first aid if opportunities is given. 3. The total mean showed $2.39{\pm}.40$ in necessities of first aid education and $2.17{\pm}.36$ in needs of first aid education by 3 points Likert scale. Ranking 1 in necessities and needs of first aid education was bleeding control. 4. The total mean in necessities and needs of first aid education showed statistically significant differences(t = 3.453, p = .002). 5. The necessities of first aid education showed significant positive correlations with necessities and needs of first aid education(r = .521, p = .002). Conclusion : These results suggest that education program of first aid on elementary general teachers must be developed through necessities and needs assessment of first aid education and instructors must searched methods to increase needs of first aid.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.139-150
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• 2013

Purpose: After a traffic accident, first-aid performed within the first few minutes is important for the injured in terms of survival, future health, and quality of life. Taxi drivers have more possibility of witnessing traffic accidents because they spend much time on the road. If taxi drivers are well trained and can perform first-aid in a correct manner, they will play an important role in pre-hospital emergency medical services. We investigated the effect of first-aid training on taxi drivers' willingness to perform emergency care. Methods: We provided first-aid training for 600 deluxe taxi drivers in Busan in 2012. The subjects were given a questionnaire to answer at the beginning and at the end of first-aid training. Results: 427 out of 600 deluxe taxi drivers answer our questionnaire completely. 93 out of 427 deluxe taxi drivers answered that they had first-aid training within past 3 years(21.8%). 323 taxi drivers have witnessed a traffic accident(76%). 45 out of 323 deluxe taxi drivers who witnessed a traffic accident answered that they provided first-aid to victims(14.0%). After first-aid training, taxi drivers' willingness to perform emergency care was increased compared to that before training. The failed group of taxi drivers that had same or decreased willingness after first-aid training had a low level of education than the successful group that had increased willingness after first-aid training. Conclusion: First-aid training increased taxi drivers' willingness to perform emergency care. So Taxi drivers should be encouraged more to undertake and maintain first-aid training. For more volunteering of first-aid training and improvement in the effect of first-aid training, a graded education program for taxi drivers with a low level of education should be developed, and a policy on giving credit for completing first-aid training course and for carrying out first-aid needs to be formulated.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.45-58
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• 2008

This study examined the knowledge and health education about First Aid of Physical Education College Students. The survey had been done from September to November, 2007. Total subjects in this study were 193. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Among total 193, 74.6% were male, 25.4% were female, 1st grade were 38.9%, 2nd grade were 61.1%. 58% of the subjects had not been trained first aid education. 2. For needs assessment about first aid education contents, the needs for first aid was high(2.36) of the lecture, and assessment of emergency situation(2.65) was high of the practice. Legal problems of first aid was low of the lecture and practice. 3. An average the knowledge score of the subjects was 55.1088(${\pm}19.09$) when the knowledge score of subjects converted 100 points. 4. There were significant difference in the knowledge of first aid according to subject's gender(t=2.907, p= .004), grade(t=-7.167, p= .000), and experience of first aid education(t=5.174, p= .000). These results will provide the base data for the development of first aid education program for physical education college students.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.51
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• pp.275-290
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• 2017

Since the establishment of Security Business Act in 1976, the Korean private security industry has rapidly grown in the qualitative and quantitative aspects. In the circumstance, various roles of private security guards have been demanded. A private security guard as the first contactor of the users of multi-use facilities should first find an accident field situation and make a response when an accident occurs, and should give first aid as most as possible until emergency medical workers arrive. However, there is a lack of first-aid education for the private security guards who are responsible for the safety of facility users. Therefore, the purpose of this study is first to find how many times private security guards have job and first-aid education, and analyze how the education count influences their first-aid ability; secondly to analyze how private security guards' satisfaction with first-aid education influences their first-aid ability. To achieve the purpose, this researcher conducted a questionnaire survey on first-aid ability of the private security guards working in the metropolitan areas. For data analysis, Stata se/ 14.0ver was applied. For the analysis on validity and reliability, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and a Cronbach's a value was drawn. To find the actual conditions of first-aid education, frequency analysis, inter-group difference analysis, and multi-regression analysis were conducted. According to the data analysis, there were not enough times of job education and first-aid education for private security guards, and their satisfaction with first-aid education and first-aid ability were difference depending on the job and first-aid education counts. Also, their satisfaction with first-aid education partially influenced their first-aid ability.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 2009

Purpose : This study was performed to identify the knowledge and educational wants for first-aid and its related factors of senior students in elementary schools. Methods : From July 11-25, 2008, this study surveyed 437 elementary school students using a structured questionnaire. Result : Of the study subjects, 47.6% of the subjects had experienced first-aid conditions 25.4% had injuries, 11.0% had indigestion, 10.5% had sprains, 6.2% had acute abdominal pains, 5.9% had brash, and 5.7% had fractures. The experience rates of first-aid conditions were significantly different according to gender, mothers' educational status, means of school attendance and amount of exercise. The experience rate of first-aid education was 71.4%. There was a significant difference with grade, and school reports. They had education about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (52.5%), injury treatment and desmology(48.7%) in a good order. The score of knowledge about first-aid was $13.95{\pm}4.1$ and it was converted on the basis of 100 points, the results were below 50points, and there was a significant difference in grades. Educational wants for first-aid was 64.3%, and as a result of multi-logistic regression analysis of characteristics relating to educational wants, there was a significant difference between gender, grade, mothers' educational status, and amount of exercise. Conclusion : The rate of first-aid experience of elementary school students was high, but as their recognition and knowledge on first-aid was low, the importance of first-aid education and educational wants should be reflected for practical and organized education.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.118-126
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• 2013

We investigated the major trends in health aid financing in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) by identifying the primary donor organizations and examining several data sources to track overall health aid trends. We collected gross disbursements from bilateral donor countries and international organizations toward the DPRK according to specific health sectors by using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development creditor reporting system database and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs financial tracking service database. We analyzed sources of health aid to the DPRK from the Republic of Korea (ROK) using the official records from the ROK's Ministry of Unification. We identified the ROK, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) as the major donor entities not only according to their level of health aid expenditures but also their growing roles within the health sector of the DPRK. We found that health aid from the ROK is comprised of funding from the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund, private organizations, local governments, and South Korean branches of international organizations such as WHO and UNICEF. We also distinguished medical equipment aid from developmental aid to show that the majority of health aid from the ROK was developmental aid. This study highlights the valuable role of the ROK in the flow of health aid to the DPRK, especially in light of the DPRK's precarious international status. Although global health aid from many international organizations has decreased, organizations such as GFATM and UNFPA continue to maintain their focus on reproductive health and infectious diseases.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.178-204
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• 2010

This study analyzes the effects Korea's grant aid to 53 African countries, focusing on its impacts on improving HDI (Human Development Index) of each recipient country, through panel data analysis. According to the OLS panel analysis, Korea's grant aid on information and communication (IC) sector showed positive and significant correlation with HDI, but aid on administrative system and environment showed negative correlation with HDI. Also, according to the fixed effect panel analysis, aid on IC sector showed positive correlation with HDI, but aid on administrative system showed negative correlation with HDI. In particular, effects of aid was different across the region. In North African region, aid on health improved HDI. However, in Sub-Saharan African region, aid on IC was more effective in improving HDI. This results imply that grand aid on Africa needs to be coordinated strategically across regions and sectors. This paper is meaningful in providing ways that can be mutually beneficial both to donor and recipient countries of grant aid.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.77-88
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine middle and high school students' knowledge level of first aid, health promotion, and safety. Data were collected from 1.165 students from March 6, 2000 to April 4, 2000. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. 80.1％ of the respondents felt the necessity of first aid. The sources of information about methods of first aid were school (43.9％), mass media (15.6％), and self-study (10.5％). 30.0％ of them never learned the methods of first aid. 2. In the case of obtaining information on first aid through mass media, 58.2％ of them got it from TV. 7.3％ of them obtained it from magazines, while 5.8％ of them got it from newspapers. According to their viewpoints of adequate time to teach the methods of first aid, 38.6％ of them thought that the methods had to be taught in the primary school and 25.2％ of them thought that they had to be taught in the kindergarten. 24.9％ of them replied that the methods had to be taught in the middle school, while 11.3％ of them replied that they had to be taught in the high school. 3. The points for knowledge of first aid were 98.29:t20.91 on the basis of 150 points (65.5 points on the basis of 100 points). The points showed significant differences in the variables of sex, education level, numbers of siblings, parents' education level, and guardian's occupation.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2014

Background: A need arises to efficiently control health expenditure for medical aid due to a sharp increase in medical aid expenditure. This study experimently analyzes the impact of physician behavior on medical use for medical aid beneficiaries using supplier induced demand (SID) theory. Methods: This study looks into analyze SID effect using expenditure factor analysis of medical aid for the years between 2003 and 2010 in comparison with health insurance. Moreover, this study analyzes the existence and scale of SID using econometrics modeling with panel data on 16 cities and provinces's health expenditure data for medical aid from 2003 1/4 to 2010 4/4. Results: This study finds that the growth rate of visit days per capita and treatment amount per visit days for medical aid is higher than health insurance. Furthermore, the result of econometrics modeling analysis shows the existence of SID in general hospital, hospital, clinic, oriental clinic. Conclusion: In order to efficiently control expenditure for medical aid, it is required to reinforce macro polices such as the introduction of 'target management' and micro policies such as the strengthen of management on medical institutes in the perspective of suppliers as well as regulations of demanders.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.445-451
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• 2005

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is needed for Ig class switch recombination (CSR). We explored the effect of LPS on the expression of AID during B cell differentiation, and the role of AID in IgA isotype expression. In normal spleen B cells, LPS increased AID transcription up to 48 h post-stimulation, i.e. around the time of Ig CSR. TGF-${\beta}1$ and AID were required for IgA expression, and LPS contributed to $TGF{\beta}1$-induced IgA production largely by inducing AID. Interestingly, LPS repressed AID transcription in $sIgA^+$ B cells but still stimulated IgA production mainly by increasing the rate of IgA secretion. Our data indicate that LPS contributes to $TGF{\beta}1$-induced IgA isotype expression in at least two ways: by stimulating AID transcription before CSR and by enhancing the IgA secretion rate after CSR.