• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2023

Objectives: Enterococcus faecalis is a gram positive diplococci, highly versatile and a normal commensal of the gut microbiome. Resistance to vancomycin is a serious issue in various health-care setting exhibited by vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) due to the alteration in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This study is thus aimed to detect the VRE from the patients with root caries from the clinical isolates of E. faecalis and to evaluate the in-silico interactions between vanA and the Aegles marmelos bio-compounds. Methods: E. faecalis was phenotypically characterized from 20 root caries samples and the frequency of vanA and vanB genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further crude methanolic extracts from the dried leaves of A. marmelos was assessed for its antimicrobial activity. This is followed by the selection of five A. marmelos bio-compounds for the computational approach towards the drug ligand interactions. Results: 12 strains (60%) of E. faecalis was identified from the root caries samples and vanA was detected from two strains (16%). Both the stains showed the presence of vanA and none of the strains possessed vanB. Crude extract of A. marmelos showed promising antibacterial activity against the VRE strains. In-silico analysis of the A. marmelos biocompounds revealed Imperatonin as the best compound with high docking energy (-8.11) and hydrogen bonds with < 140 TPSA (Topological polar surface area) and zero violations. Conclusion: The present study records the VRE strains among the root caries with imperatorin from A. marmelos as a promising drug candidate. However the study requires further experimentation and validation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.240-244
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• 2021

Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) is a deciduous shrub or tree and typically known as bael throughout Southeast Asia and has been used as a medicinal plant and a food ingredient. In this study eight compounds were determined to be O-(3,3-dimethylallyl) halfordinol (1), (R)-aegeline (2), (R)-marmeline (3), imperatorin (4), xanthotoxol (5), valencic acid (6), vanillic acid (7) and rutin (8). The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated through spectroscopic evidence including 1D, 2D NMR, ESI-Q-TOF-MS and optical rotation.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2004

The effects of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) leaf, Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae) fruit and Ocimum sanctum. (Labiateae) leaf extracts were studied in L-thyroxine (0.5 mg/kg) induced hyperthyroidic mice. Separately combined effects of these three plant extracts and of a commonly used antithyroidic drug, Propyl thiouracil (PTU) were investigated for comparison. Serum concentration of thyroxine $(T_4)$, triiodothyronine $(T_3)$, glucose and the activity of hepatic Glucose 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase) were considered as main parameters. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities were also studied to reveal the toxic effect of the plant extracts, if any. While exogenous $T_4$ enhanced serum concentration of $T_4$, $T_3$, glucose and the activity of hepatic G-6-Pase, a simultaneous administration of either A. marmelos leaf (1.0 mg/kg), E. officinalis fruit( 30 mg/kg) and O. sanctum leaf (50 mg/kg) extracts, to hyperthyroidic animals decreased all these parameters. However, the effects were more pronounced, as nearly normal thyroid function and serum glucose concentration were exhibited when all three plant extracts were administered together. A decrease in LPO and a concomitant increase in SOD and the CAT activities indicated the safe and antiperoxidative nature of the plant extracts, administered either alone or in combination. Our findings reveal that the three test plant materials exhibit synergistic effects without any hepatotoxicity, suggesting their potential use in the amelioration of hyperthyroidism and/ or hyperglycaemia.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2016

In the present work, bael shell (aegle marmelos) is used as the feedstock for pyrolysis, using a fixed bed reactor to investigate the characteristics of the pyrolysis oil. The product yields, e.g., liquid, char and gases are produced from the biomass at different temperatures with the particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm, at the heating rate of $150^{\circ}C/min$. The maximum liquid yield, i.e., 36.23 wt.%, was found at $5500^{\circ}C$. Some physical properties of the pyrolysis oil such as calorific value, viscosity, density, pH, flash point and fire point are evaluated. The calorific value of the bael shell pyrolysis oil was 20.4 MJ/kg, which is slightly higher than the biomass, i.e., 18.24 MJ/kg. The H/C and O/C ratios of the bio-oil were found as 2.3 and 0.56 respectively, which are quite higher than some other bio-oils. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) analyses showed that the pyrolysis oil of bael shell is mostly composed by phenolic and acidic compounds. The results of the properties of the bael shell pyrolysis oil reveal the potential of the oil as an alternate fuel with the essential upgradation of some properties.

• Mycobiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

The increasing emergence of lead drugs for the resistance produced by the pathogenic strains and arrival of new diseases have initiated the need for searching novel metabolites with best anticancer and antimicrobial properties than the existing one. With this view, the investigation was conducted for the isolation, identification, and biological evaluation of potential endophytic fungi of Aegle marmelos, a medicinal tree used for more than three decades, for curing various disorders. A total of 169 endophytic fungal strains obtained from sampling and among those 67 were pigmented strains. Upon antagonistic screening, five endophytic fungal strains exhibited antagonistic potentiality by inhibiting the pathogens. These five potent strains were characterized at molecular level by sequencing the amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and ITS 4 regions of rDNA and they were grouped under order Pleosporales, Eurotiales, and Capnodiales. The metabolites from the respective strains were produced in fungal culturing media and extracted using polar solvents. Further, the extracts of five endophytes manifested antimicrobial activity against tested clinical pathogens and Alternaria alternata (FC39BY), Al. citrimacularis (FC8ABr), and Curvularia australiensis (FC2AP) exhibited significant antimicrobial profile against 9 of 12 tested pathogens, showing broad spectrum activity. The antioxidant levels of all the five endophytes revealed the highest activity at least concentrations, and major activity was unveiled by the members of order Pleosporales FC2AP and FC8ABr. This research explains the value of endophytic fungal extracts and its significance of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.104-109
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• 1998

31과 50종 인도산 식물체 84 시료와 12파 20종 아프리카산 식물체 27 시료의 메탄을 조추출물의 5종 장내세균(Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli)에 대한 생육억제활성을 in vitro 혐기조건하에서 여지확산법으로 검정한 결과 억제활성은 공시세균과 식물체의 종류 및 부위에 따라 달리 나타났다. 인도산 식물체 시료중, Cymbopogon citratus 전부위, Ocimum basilicum 전부위, Madhuca indica 꽃 및 Aegle marmelos 잎 추출물이 Cl. perfringens에 대하여 강한 생육저해활성을 나타낸 반면, O. basilicum 전부위 추출물은 E. coli에 대하여 중간정도의 생육저해활성을 보였다. 그러나, 이들 식물체들은 공시 유산균의 생육에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 부터 이들 열대식물들의 약리학적인 작용을 일부 설명할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.150-155
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• 2005

Aqueous extract of antidiarrhoeal formulation (ADF) containing Holarrhena antidysentrica, Aegle marmelos and Punica granatum was investigated for antidiarrhoeal activity against charcoal-induced gut transit, serotonin-induced diarrhoea and $PGE_2-induced$ small intestine enteropooling in rats. The control, standard and test groups of experimental animals were administered with normal saline (p.o.), diphenoxylate hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and ADF (250 mg and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively except the control group of $PGE_2-induced$ small intestine enteropooling which received only 5% ethanol in normal saline (i.p.). Charcoal (10 ml/kg, p.o.) and serotonin $(600\;{\mu}g/kg,\;i.p.)$ were administered after 30 min, while $PGE_2\;(100\;{\mu}g/kg,\;p.o.)$ was administered immediately afterwards. The distance traveled by charcoal in small intestine was measured after 15 and 30 min of charcoal administration, diarrhoea was observed every 30 min for six hour after serotonin administration and the volume of intestinal fluid was measured after 30 min of $PGE_2$ administration. Oral administration of ADF significantly inhibited the frequency of defaecation and decreased the propulsion of charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract, reduced the wetness of faecal dropping in serotonin-induced diarrhoea and also reduced the $PGE_2-induced$small intestine enteropooling. ADF may have potential to reduce the diarrhoea in rats.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2018

본 연구는 미얀마 바간(Bagan)지역 전통 건축물의 벽체 보수에 사용되는 소석회에 대한 광물학적 특성을 분석하고 바간 지역 문화재 수리 현장과 동일한 방법으로 제조한 석회 플라스터의 물리적 특성을 파악하였다. 미얀마 소석회의 X-선 회절 분석과 열분석 결과 포틀랜다이트($Ca(OH)_2$)와 수활석($Mg(OH)_2$)이 주구성광물로 검출되었으며, 이를 통해 석회의 원석으로 백운석($CaMg(CO_3)_2$) 광물의 함량이 높은 탄산염 암석이 사용됐을 것으로 추정된다. 주사전자현미경 분석 결과 미얀마 소석회는 $0.5{\mu}m$ 이상의 불규칙한 형상을 가진 결정들과 소량의 $0.1{\mu}m$ 크기의 판상형 결정들이 응집되어 있고 전체적으로 매끄러운 조직 형태를 관찰할 수 있었는데, 국내에서 건식 소화시킨 소석회와 비교했을 때 결정의 크기나 균일도가 다른 것은 소석회 간 구성광물의 차이와 미얀마 특유의 전통 습식 소화방법에 의한 영향으로 판단된다. 28일 동안 양생한 미얀마 석회 플라스터의 압축강도 값은 평균 $1.13N/mm^2$이며, bale (Aegle marmelos) 열매의 물 추출액을 첨가한 플라스터 시편의 압축강도 값은 평균 $1.03N/mm^2$로 측정되었다. 석회는 장기간 탄산화 과정을 거쳐 강도가 발현되는 기경성 재료이므로 향후 28일 이상 장기 양생을 통해 양생기간별 물리적 특성의 변화 양상을 파악할 필요가 있다.