• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-53
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• 2005

We report a new configuration of a reflection-type confocal scanning optical microscope system for measuring the refractive index profile of an optical waveguide. Several improvements on the earlier design are proposed; a light emitting diode (LED) at 650 nm wavelength instead of a laser diode (LD) or He-Ne laser is used as a light source for better index precision, and a simple longitudinal linear scanning and curve fitting techniques are adapted instead of a servo control for maintaining an optical confocal arrangement. We have obtained spatial resolution of 700 nm and an index precision of $2\times10^{-4}$. To verify the system's capability, the refractive index profiles of a conventional multimode fiber and a home-made four-mode fiber were examined with our proposed measurement method.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.911-921
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• 1999

We define the coincidence index of pairs of maps p, f : $\widetilde{X}$ $\rightarrow$ X where p is a covering of a polyhedron X. We use a polyhedral transversality Theorem due to T. Plavchak. When p=identity we get the classical fixed point index of self map of polyhedra without using homology.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.501-507
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• 2008

The data of crown width with 4 directions, DBH, tree height, and coordinate for sample trees were collected from 30 permanent sample plots in secondary fore st of the Maoershan Experimental Forestry Farm, Northeast China. In this paper, the competition of individual trees in stand were discussed for secondary forest by using iterative Hegyi competition index and crown overlap index that represented the competitive and cooperative interactions among neighboring trees. Active competitors of subject tree in the competition zone were selected to calculate the iterative competition index. Using the results of crown classification based on the equal crown projection area, a new distance dependent competition index called crown overlap index (COI) was developed for secondary forest. The COI performed well in describing the crown competition rather than crown competition factor (CCF). The individual-based competition index discussed in this paper will provide more precise for developing individual tree growth models for secondary forest and it can also use to adjust the stand structure for spatial optimal management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2012.06a
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• pp.113-116
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• 2012

The ignition quality in diesel engines is one of the most important factors influencing their performance. While the ignition quality of distillation fuels is judged with Cetane Number, Cetane Index, and Diesel Index, that of residual fuels blended with distillation fuels is done by using CCAI. Since the 1980s, because of the development in the blending technology and the complexity, it has been difficult to make a judgement on the ignition quality of the fuels with CCAI. Hence, in order to solve the problems, it is ECN that researchers are studying in depth. In this paper, After reviewing the values such as Cetane Number, Cetane Index, Diesel Index, CCAI, and CII, we will introduce ECn and predict the possibility of using it.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the low level irradiation on the mitotic index of the basal cells in the buccal pouch of hamsters{golden hamster: APG strain). After colchicine was administrated to the hamsters through the intraperitoneal, the low level radiation{5460mR) was exposed on the buccal pouch of hamsters. The mitotic index of the basal cells was estimated 2 hours after irradiation. The results were as follows: 1. The mean mitotic index of the control group was 4.32. 2. The mean mitotic index of the irradiated group was 2.46. 3. T-test of data in the irradiated group showed significant difference from the mitotic index in the control group. These results suggested the lowered mitotic index of the irradiated group resulted from the low level irradiation.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.275-279
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate a specific character on products of Korean cotton and American cotton with cultivated in sangju city, Korea. The results of this study were as follows: Productivity of American cotton was nine times higher than those of Korean cotton. Spinning coefficient index (SCI: 140), strength (32.6 g/tex), fiber length (1.12 inch), uniformity index (83.4%), short fiber index (6.4), color grade (21) of American cotton was superior than SCI (122), strength (27.7 g/tex), fiber length (1.02 inch), uniformity index(81.1 %), short fiber index (10.6), color grade (23) of Korean cotton. Microaire (3.5), elongation (6.9%) of Korean cotton was superior than American cotton.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.53-63
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to estimate Korean transportation service index (KTSI), and to explore possible uses of the KTSI. The KTSI was monthly index to represent the level of passenger and freight services by road, railroad, air and maritime modes, which was developed from eight series. Four of these series measure the level of passenger services (passenger-kilometers) by road, railroad. air and maritime modes : monthly data from January 1995 to December 2004. Similarly. the remaining four series measure the level or freight activity (tonnage) by four modes during the same period. Given the weights of modal revenues, component series were aggregated into two indexes (passenger index and freight index) and a composite index using Chained Fisher Ideal index. which was a geometric mean of the Laspeyres index and the Passche index. The Fisher Ideal index is one of the 'superlative' indexes, which diminish 'substitution bias' as current-weighted indexes. As a result, the freight index and the composite index explain economic conditions better than the passenger index. Based on the composite index. the newly estimated KTSI shows an average lag time of one and a half years at peaks and three months at troughs in comparison with domestic business cycles. Nonetheless. the following efforts are needed for more credible and useful estimates; establishment of data collection scheme in time. credibility uplift of used data, development of various indexation methods.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.49-57
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• 2014

Purpose - The world now recognizes environmental disruption as a serious issue when regarding growth-oriented strategies; therefore, environmental preservation issues become pertinent. Consequently, green distribution is continuously emphasized. However, studying the prediction and association of distribution and the environment is insufficient. Most existing studies about green distribution are about its necessity, detailed operation methods, and political suggestions; it is necessary to study the distribution service industry and environmental service industry together, for green distribution. Research design, data, and methodology - ARIMA (auto-regressive moving average model) was used to predict the environmental service and distribution service industries, and the Granger Causality Test based on VAR (vector auto regressive) was used to analyze the causal relationship. This study used 48 quarters of time-series data, from the 4th quarter in 2001 to the 3rd quarter in 2013, about each business type's production index, and used an unchangeable index. The production index about the business type is classified into the current index and the unchangeable index. The unchangeable index divides the current index into deflators to remove fluctuation. Therefore, it is easy to analyze the actual production index. This study used the unchangeable index. Results - The production index of the distribution service industry and the production index of the environmental service industry consider the autocorrelation coefficient and partial autocorrelation coefficient; therefore, ARIMA(0,0,2)(0,1,1)4 and ARIMA(3,1,0)(0,1,1)4 were established as final prediction models, resulting in the gradual improvement in every production index of both types of business. Regarding the distribution service industry's production index, it is predicted that the 4th quarter in 2014 is 114.35, and the 4th quarter in 2015 is 123.48. Moreover, regarding the environmental service industry's production index, it is predicted that the 4th quarter in 2014 is 110.95, and the 4th quarter in 2015 is 111.67. In a causal relationship analysis, the environmental service industry impacts the distribution service industry, but the distribution service industry does not impact the environmental service industry. Conclusions - This study predicted the distribution service industry and environmental service industry with the ARIMA model, and examined the causal relationship between them through the Granger causality test based on the VAR Model. Prediction reveals the seasonality and gradual increase in the two industries. Moreover, the environmental service industry impacts the distribution service industry, but the distribution service industry does not impact the environmental service industry. This study contributed academically by offering base line data needed in the establishment of a future style of management and policy directions for the two industries through the prediction of the distribution service industry and the environmental service industry, and tested a causal relationship between them, which is insufficient in existing studies. The limitations of this study are that deeper considerations of advanced studies are deficient, and the effect of causality between the two types of industries on the actual industry was not established.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1426-1435
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• 2003

Design goal is to find the one that has the highest probability of success and the smallest variation. A robustness index has been proposed to satisfy these conditions. The two-step optimization process of the target problem requires a scaling factor. The search process of a scaling factor is replaced with the making of the decoupled design between the mean and the standard deviation. The decoupled design matrix is formed from the sensitivity or the sum of squares. After establishing the design matrix, the robust design process has a new three-step one. The first is ″reduce variability,″ the second is ″make the candidate designs that satisfy constraints and move the mean on the target,″ and the final is ″select the best robust design using the proposed robustness index.″ The robust design process is verified by three examples and the results using the robustness index are compared with those of other indices.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 1993

Design optimisation generally necessitates a tool of assessing the economics of designs. This paper proposes a method of assessing the economics of marine electric generating systems. The pay back period(PBP) and the net present valuve(NPV) of the investment for a designed project are properly converted into a economic index. The mechanical factors dominating the easiness in operating the system are also assessed and quantified to form a index which eventually is added to the economic index producing a comprehensive economic index. The method has been tested on a design example and it's validity has been shown.