• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.12
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• pp.706-711
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• 2019

Cisplatin (Cis-DDP) is one of the most widely used anti-cancer drugs. It is applicable to many types of cancer, including lung, bladder, and breast cancer. However, its use is now limited because of drug resistance. p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) is one of the downstream effectors in the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway and high expression of p90RSK is observed in human breast cancer tissues. Therefore, we investigated the role of p90RSK in the Cis-DDP resistance-related signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. First, we discovered that MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited more Cis-DDP resistance than other breast cancer cells, including MCF-7 and BT549 cells. Cis-DDP increased p90RSK activation, whereas the inactivation of p90RSK using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) or dominant-negative kinase mutant plasmid overexpression significantly reduced Cis-DDP-induced cell proliferation and migration via the inhibition of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2 and MMP9 in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, p90RSK activation was involved in EMT via the upregulation of mRNA expression, including that of Snail, Twist, ZEB1, N-cadherin, and vimentin. We also investigated NF-κB, the upstream regulator of EMT markers, and discovered that Cis-DDP treatment led to NF-κB translocation in the nucleus as well as its promoter activity. Our results suggest that targeting p90RSK would be a good strategy to increase Cis-DDP sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancers.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.142-150
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• 2015

Purpose: Restoration of ankle stability through the strengthening exercise of peroneus muscles is considered an important factor for achievement of successful outcomes, in the rehabilitation program following ankle ligament injuries. However, there were few definitive data on normal muscle strength, including eversion power by peroneus muscles. This study was conducted to evaluate the muscle strength of ankle joint measured using an isokinetic dynamometer in normal Koreans. Materials and Methods: Sixty adults (120 ankles) were recruited and divided into three groups (20 in their twenties, 20 in thirties, and 20 in forties). Each group consisted of 10 males and 10 females. The selection criteria were no history of ankle injury and no evidence of instability. The peak torque, total work, and deficit ratio were measured using the Biodex$^{TM}$ (Biodex Medical Systems). Differences in muscle strength by age, gender and dominant versus non-dominant side were analyzed. Results: The peak torque of dorsiflexion was average 31.5 Nm at $30^{\circ}/s$ of angular velocity and 18.8 Nm at $90^{\circ}/s$; average 69.3 Nm ($30^{\circ}/s$) and 42.4 Nm ($90^{\circ}/s$) on plantarflexion; average 19.6 Nm ($30^{\circ}/s$) and 10.8 Nm ($90^{\circ}/s$) on inversion; average 12.9 Nm ($30^{\circ}/s$) and 8.0 Nm ($90^{\circ}/s$) on eversion. The deficit ratio of strength in women was average 61.1% of men on dorsiflexion; average 66.2% on plantarflexion; average 48.5% on inversion; average 55.4% on eversion. The deficit ratio in non-dominant foot was average 88.6% of dominant foot on dorsiflexion; average 90.1% on plantarflexion; average 85.1% on inversion; average 85.6% on eversion. Conclusion: The muscle strength of the ankle joint showed a tendency to weaken with age. There were significant differences in muscle strength by gender and dominancy. Further studies for comparison of patients with ankle instability, a comparison between before and after surgery for instability, the correlation between clinical outcomes and the recovery in muscle strength will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2009

The experimental study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the point load index and the uniaxial compressive strength of inherently anisotropic shale in the laboratory. In the testing program the effects of size and the shape on the point load index were investigated both in the axial and diametral direction. In general, the point load index of the shale was constant when the length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the specimen is greater than 1.0 in the diametral direction. The point load index in axial direction shows slight decrease as the L/D ratio is increased and the corner breakage was observed when L/D ratio is greater than unity. The minimum point load index was observed in the bedding angle of $\beta=15^{\circ}{\sim}30^{\circ}$ in the axial point load tests and of $\beta=30^{\circ}$ in the uniaxial compression tests. The relationship between the point load index and the uniaxial compressive strength was linear to ${\sigma}_c=25.0 I_{s(50)}$ for the specimen with the bedding plane angle, $\beta$ at the range of $0^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}$. On the other hand, this relationship was appeared linear to ${\sigma}_c=14.4 I_{s(50)}$ when the bedding angle, $\beta$ is fixed to 90${^{\circ}}$ and this correlation is much different from ${\sigma}c=22 I_{s(50)}, which is generally applied to the rock specimen with no bedding plane in ISRM (1985). The anisotropic strength with different $\beta$ angle shows the shoulder type and this can be suitably modelled by the corrected Ramamurthy'(1993)s equation with the index value of 'n' equal to 3.0.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.26
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• pp.101-121
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• 1995

The Purpose of this study was to investigate homology between the Popular music and Fashion of youthful subculture and how the image of popular music have influenced on the 90's fashion. As the result, Korean youthful subculture analized to be different from western youthful subculture. In western countries, the style of youthful subculture groups spread to tricle up as developed themselves but represented tricle down phenomenon in Korea. Because life con-dition of Korean Youthful was different from westerns in everything. The Image of popular music have an influenced on the 90's fashion, it is be classified into the Jazz image, the Country & Western image, the Rock image, and Hip-Hop, Ragge image. 1. The jazz image from Jazz music has come back dandism of the nostalgia mood and intro-duce ethnic sense into fashion. 2. The Country & Western image is reflected in fashion of accessories details, materials and Coordination item. 3. The rock image from Acid Rock and Punk Rock effected the advent of hippie mood fashion, ethnic, ecology, new unisex fashion and Punk fashion trend. 4. The hip-hop, raggae image from Rap and Raggae music showed on fashion of primitive mood's naturism, Sports wear's generalization and dualism. After the 90th, youthful fashion of new gener-ation may be infered constantly on the move toward $\ulcorner Fashion democracy \lrcorner$formation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2004

In this study, the experiment was carried out to investigate and analyze the influence of coarse aggregate's mix ratio and maximum size on the properties of concrete. The main experimental variables were water/cement ratio 45% and 65%, coarse aggregate/fine aggregate ratio 90%, 130% and 170%, maximum size of coarse aggregate 15mm, 25mm and 40mm. According to the test results, the principal conclusions are summarized as follows. 1) The slump and flow of fresh concrete were found to be higher in the order of G/S ratio 170%, 130%, 90%, also in the order of maximum size 40mm, 25mm, 15mm. 2) The compressive strength of hardened concrete were found to be higher in the order of G/S ratio 170%, 130%, 90%, also in the order of maximum size 15mm, 25mm, 40mm.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to optimize culture conditions and to produce hydrogen and organic compounds using microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. First of all, C. reinhardtii UTEX 90 was chosen from the three kinds of strains in terms of their hydrogen and organic compound productivity. The optimum $\textrm{CO}_2$ concentration range of C. reinhardtii UTEX 90 was 1to 3%. We tested two medium, which are popular in this microalga culture; Brostol's medium and TAP medium (8). The cell growth in TAP medium was found to be higher than a Brostol's medium. Optimum culture with 3% of $\textrm{CO}_2$ in TAP medium produced the most hydrogen ($0.5\mu$ mol/ mg DCW), though Bristol's medium produced twice as much total organics.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2012

Soil amendments have been used to improve the physical and chemical condition of turf soil, which might optimize turfgrass growth in golf courses. This study was to investigate the effect of inorganic soil amendment (ZC) established in USGA root zone system on growth of creeping bentgrass, cv. 'Penncross' carried out from May to Dec. in 2005 at the nursery on Sinwon Golf Course. To analyze the effects of inorganic soil amendment on pH, specific gravity, infiltration rate, water content, soil hardness, root length, tiller density and dry weight were measured. pH was 6.7-6.8, specific gravity of sand (S) 100% was 1.48 heavier than the other treatments (1.28-1.38). Infiltration rate with ZC 15% + peat moss (P) 5% + S 80% and ZC 10% + S 90% was faster than S 100%. Soil hardness of S 100% was the highest. Root length of creeping bentgrass of P 10% + S 90% (8.6-12.0 cm) was the longest. Tiller density with P 5% + S 95% was more 4-7 ea than other treatments in summer season. In growing season, however, ZC 10% + P 5% + S 85% was more 2-3 ea than others. Dry weight of creeping bentgrass treated by ZC 10% + P 5% + S 85% in summer season and P 5% + S 95% in growing season were heavier than other treatments. It is recommended to combine 5-15% inorganic soil amendment and peat moss 5% with sand in order to sustain soil balance.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.172-179
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• 2016

Korea society in the 1980s is the timing of the hybrid intermingled with the continuous industrialization in the 1970s and the democratic aspirations of the 1990s. Korean films in the '80s codified a tension and conflict patterns of the industrialization and democratization in the style such as film space. The purpose of this study is to consider how this aspect of industrialization and democratization in the '80s was codified in Korean films of the '80s. Specifically, it focuses on the style representing the urban space in Korean films of the '80s. This study looks at the changing pattern of the Korea Society through the 1980s by analyzing the space configuration form of Good Windy Day(1980) and Chil-su And Man-su(1988). Good Windy Day to finalize the '70s and Chil-su And Man-su to greet the '90s show the hybrid aspect of the '80s. In particular, the urban space style of the two films codified the political, economic and social culture of Korea as a whole.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1999.11b
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• pp.44-44
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• 1999

• Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference
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• 2000.09a
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• pp.89-90
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• 2000