• 대한치과의료관리학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2017

감염관리는 전반적인 의료행위에서 중요성이 부각되고 있으며 치과 또한 철저한 감염관리가 필요하다. 감염의 매개체에는 여러 가지가 있고, 그 중 의료진 의복으로 인한 감염이 있다. 병원 직원의 오염된 의복은 원내감염의 매개체가 될 수 있다. 이에 스케일링 시 에어로졸에 의한 의복오염도를 실험하였다. 가슴, 배, 허벅지, 소매 끝, 바지 끝 부위를 실험 대상으로 하였다. 실험한 자료는 IBM SPSS (ver20.0) 통계프로그램으로 분석하였다. 스케일링 전(대조군)과 스케일링 후(실험군) colony수의 평균값은 ANOVA (일원배치분산분석)을 사용하였으며, 사후 분석은 Scheffe를 시행하였다. 스케일링 전-후 colony수의 평균값에 대한 유의성 검증은 Paired t-test 비모수 검정방법을 사용하였다. 1. 의복의 가슴 부위에서 스케일링 전 colony수의 평균은 2.13 CFU이고, 스케일링 후 colony 수의 평균은 50.00 CFU로 약 25배 증가한 것으로 나타났다(p=0.012). 2. 의복의 배 부위에서 스케일링 전 colony수의 평균은 4.00 CFU이고, 스케일링 후 colony수의 평균은 16.63 CFU로 약 4배 증가한 것으로 나타났다(p=0.018). 3. 의복의 허벅지 부위에서 스케일링 전 colony수의 평균은 3.63 CFU이고, 스케일링 후 colony수의 평균은 22.88 CFU로 약 7배 증가한 것으로 나타났다(p=0.017). 4. 의복 소매 끝에서 스케일링 전 colony수의 평균은 3.63 CFU이고, 스케일링 후 colony수의 평균은 17.38 CFU로 약 6배 증가한 것으로 나타났다(p=0.028). 5. 의복 바지 끝에서 스케일링 전 colony수의 평균은 2.38 CFU이고, 스케일링 후 colony수의 평균은 33.63 CFU로 약 17배 증가한 것으로 나타났다(p=0.012). 6. 스케일링 후 의복 부위에서 colony수의 평균은 가슴, 바지 끝, 허벅지, 배, 소매 끝 순으로 높게 나타났다. 7. 스케일링 전-후 colony수의 증가율은 가슴, 바지 끝, 허벅지, 소매 끝, 배 순으로 높게 나타났다. 스케일링 시 에어졸로에 의해 의복이 오염되는 것을 확인하였다. 그러므로 우리는 스케일링에 의한 에어로졸로 의복이 오염되는 것을 인지하고 스케일링 후에는 의복을 깨끗이 해야 할 필요성이 있다. 이에 따라 치과기구관리와 함께 의복도 감염방지 대책이 시급한 것으로 보인다. 또한 치과 의료인들에게 자세한 감염교육이 필요할 것이다. 실험 결과로 의복오염의 심각성을 일깨우고, 의복에 대한 감염의식을 높여야 된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.16-42
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• 1978

This survey was made for a month starting from November 15 to December 15, 1977 covering 711 students taking the junior. (3rd-yea.) and the senior. (4th-year) at nine college of nursing in Seoul concerning their perception and Attitude toward the profession of nursing, motive for the necessity of learning, environment of study, attitude of study and particulars relevant with study performance, particulars of library, references and reading, assignments and particulars of the degree of confidence for the learning achievement. Through the survey of the above Particulars, the following results were obtained by classifying all subject matters and by analysing motive of the selection of their course, awarding or not awarding of scholarships. 1. General characteristics: it was revealed that 406 students (57.1%) were attending at the junior. while 305 students (42.9%) were taking the senior. Thus, the total number was 711 and their average age was 21.4 years. Their dwelling category was; 73.9 percent of them resided at their parent's home, 214 students (30.1%) were awarded with scholarships. The reason to be attracted by nursing science was the possibility of continuing social life after graduation (43.5%). 2. Their perception and attitude toward the profession of nursing: According to the perception of profession by the students of each grade, students of the 4th grade showed comparatively strong conception. Also, students of the 4th grade showed more positive attitude in the purchase and reading of magazines relative with the science of nursing, in the reading of Code for Nurses and in their interest in the activity of nursing field. For the necessity of mission of nurse, 97.7 percent of the entire number of students covered responded to necessity. For the necessity of the particular humanity and particularity in the character of nurses, 95.8 percent of those students responded to necessity. By the each grade, students of the 4th grade showed more response. 3. As to professional field desired after completing the professional course: 57 percent of those students desired for clinician nurse while 55 percents desired for community health-nurse. 4. As to the environment of study: they were mostly satisfied with their present residential environment. However, they complained of inconvenience at their lecture-halls. Students of the 3rd grade showed more complain. As to their attitude toward the adjustment of environment of study, they showed a affirmative response. As to the opinion of factors which interfere with their study, comparatively strong response was showed in their scepticism in the science of nursing, insufficient comprehension in general learning, relation with professors n4 discrepancy in the method of study. According to opinions of students at each grade, students of the 4th grade showed more scepticism. 5. Particulars relative with their attitude and performance of study : As to their knowledge of the objectives of their study of subject, the majority was to study with a partial knowledge of the objectives of their study. As to the plan of study, a low percentage indicated management of routine life under regular scheduling. Students of the 4th grade responded to rather planned life. As to time spent in independent study, response to concentrated study when necessary was stronger than that to regular daily study. Students of the 4th grade showed stronger response to regular study than that of the 3rd grade. As to the contents of their note-taking, 67.4 percents of those students responded to such regulatory procedure performing in the lecture-hall as they listen to lectures. 17.3 percents of those students showed response to adding supplementary informations from references to what was entered in choir note-taking at their lecture-halls. 6. Particulars of library, references and reading books: As to receiving of instruction for the utilization of library and time of receiving such instruction 64.7 percents of those students had received such instruction. 66.7 percents of the those responded received such instruction at orientation conducted for freshmen. As to the convenience of the utilization of library, 49.9 percents of those students responded to convenience. However, students of the 3rd grade showed a much stronger response to inconvenience. As to the time of the utilization of library,92.5 percents of those students showed a response to occasional utilization for particular purpose than regular utilization. 53.2 percents of those students responded to ordinary in quantity that library have references. 34.2 percents of those students responded to insufficient. As to the particular relative with the method and field of reading: 53.5 percents of those students responded to intensive reading and was the majority. As to the reading field, fiction u as the majority. When read any books for their major, they usually rend Korean text-b, oks. 7. Particular relative with giving assignment: All respondents were well aware of the objectives of giving home tasks. As to the attitude toward assignments and performing home tasks, 54.8 percents of those students to making ostentatious study because of an excessive quantity of assignments imposed. For performing assignment, they showed comparatively positive response. Also, 52.2 percents of those students responded that they usually submitted complected assignment with references. 8. As to motive to realize the necessity of study : 55.6 percents of those students responded that they realized such necessity in communication with patients when they were engaged in clinical practice. Also, 8.6, the lowest percents of those students responded that they realized such necessity in the course of conversation with nurses when they were engaged in clinical practice. 9. As to the determination of their confidence in the performance of study relative with clinical experience: They showed a general inclination of having in nursing. The major response was that they came to well comprehend the patients families. the lowest response was that they could apply what was learned at lecture-hall to practice. This response incidentally showed the distance the lecture-hall and practical study. In general items, students of the 4th grade showed more favorable response than students of the 3rd grade and there was a significant difference. 10. As to the perception and attitude toward profession according to the motive of selecting the nursing science : Those who selected the nursing voluntarily showed stronger conception than those who selected the nursing through indirect influence. However, there was no significant difference on this point. Only there was a remarkable difference in the reading of Code for Nurses. 11. Those who showed a stronger conception in the profession of nursing according to the motives of attractive nursing science indicated a strong will and ability to manage stable life and comparatively strong response was shown in the management of good home life because of the good adaptability of the science to their character. This group showed a strong conception of the profession than those who responded that they prefer this profession out of a longing for the work of a hospital and for the easy obtaining of opportunity to immigrate to over seas and for economic cause and for high school grade. There was significant difference between these two groups, 12. As to the conception and attitude toward the profession of nursing according to benefits by scholarships, those who were benefitted by scholarship showed stronger conception of profession than those who did not receive scholarship and there was a remarkable difference between these two categories. However, there was no remarkable difference between these two categories in the extent of interest of the activities of nursing fields and in the reading of Code for Nurses. 13. As activation for study according to the benefits of scholarships, those who were benefitted by scholarships showed stronger response to the motive for study comparing with those who receive. 14. As to tile field of reading according to the benefits by scholarships, those who received scholarships tended to read autobiographies and essayers to a considerable extent. Those who did not receive scholarships tended to read novels. Those who received scholarships more read nursing boots than those who did not receive scholarships. 15. As to the attitude of study and doing of assignment according to benefits of scholarships, those who received scholarships managed a favorable life with schedules for study, More students of receiving scholarship showed a regular study for more than one hour per day. Also, in the method of doing home tasks, more students of receiving scholarship showed reference to relative books frequently for the submission of completed assignments.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.357-373
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• 1975

본 연구는 남부 Oregon의 고온건조한 기후하에서 선발된 Tall fescue 10개 인자형의 동기 생육형 다계교배후대의 능력을 검정하기 위하여 대전의 충남대학교 농과대학 실험포장에서 수행되었는데 이를 파생계통들에 대한 대비 품종으로는 다수품종인 Fawn과 동기 생육형 품종 T.F.M을 공시하였으며 특히 광합성과 관련이 깊은 식물체 및 잎의 주요 형질과 아울러 재식 후 첫 여름의 조사료 생산량을 조사 분석하였던 바 주요한 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1). 단위엽당 생체중 및 건물중을 다수성 품종 Fawn에 비해 동기 생육형 파생계통군 및 품종이 현저히 가벼웠으며 한편 이들 엽형질에 있어서는 파생계통간에도 아주 큰 변이를 나타내고 있었다. 2). 단위엽면적당 엽체적은 다수 품종 Fawn에 비해 동기 생육형 파생계통군 및 품종에서 적었다. 다계교배 파생계통간에는 상당한 엽면적의 차이를 보였는데 인자형 16의 다계교배 파생계통의 평균 엽면적은 Fawn의 엽면적과 차이가 없었다. 3). 동기생육형 파생계통 및 품종간에는 특정엽중(단위면적당 엽중)의 차이가 인정되지 않았던 바 특정엽중의 유전적인 변이는 대체로 크지 않았으며 이 유전집단에서는 이미 좁아졌던 것으로 추측된다. 한편 집단내에 있어서 광합성 생산은 차이가 없을 것이나 광합성생산과 전류간의 균형에서는 차이가 있을 것으로 추측되는 바 이러한 문제를 구명하기 위해서는 특정 엽중의 주간 변이에 관한 연구가 이루어져야 할것이다. 4). 엽폭은 Fawn에 비해 동기생육형 품종 및 파생계통군에서 좁았으며 다계교잡 파생계통간에는 현저한 엽폭의 변이를 나타내었다. 5). 제1회 예취전의 초장은 대비품종과 동기 생육형 품종 및 다계교잡 파생계통군간에 현저한 차이를 보였던 바 다수성 품종 Fawn의 초장이 현저히 길었으나 일차 예취후의 초장의 재생력에 있어서는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 한편 다계교배 파생계통군에서는 제1회 초장간에 유의차가 인정되지 않았으나 목야지나 싸일레지 생산에 관련되는 중요한 형질의 하나인 재생력에 있어서는 다계 교배 파생계통들 간에 명확하고도 현저한 차이를 나타내고 있었다. 6). 일주당(一株當) 폭은 다수품종 Fawn에 비해 동계 생육형에서 현저히 좁았다. 7). 분얼수의 차이 역시 현저하였던 바 품종 Fawn에서 동기 새육형 파생계통군이나 품종보다 현저히 일차 예취후의 분얼수가 증가 되었다. 특히 분얼수에 있어서는 다계교배 파생계통간에 큰 변이를 보였던바 일차 예취후의 이차 측정에서 대체로 유전적인 차이가 더욱 뚜렷해짐이 명확하였는데 이는 어떤 품종이나 인자형들에서는 낙엽에 의해서 이 형질이 아마 촉진 되었기 때문이 아닌가 생각된다. 8). 동기생육형 파생계통군 및 품종의 초기 생육 재생력 및 총수량은 대비 품종 Fawn에 비해 현저히 낮은 경향을 보였다. 한편 파생 계통간에 생초수량의 변이가 큰 경향을 보였는데 이러한 점은 동계 생육형 Tall Fescue 모집단의 수량을 향상시키는 다계교배 파생계통의 선발을 여름에 수행하는 기초를 제공하고 있다. 9). 본 연구에 공시된 동계 생육형 품종 및 파생계통의 생초 수량을 위시한 대체적인 입과 식물체의 형질은 대비품종 Fawn에 비해 우수하지 못하였으나 이들 형질의 다계교배 파생계통간의 변이는 아주 컷던 바 한국에서는 여름동안의 다수성에 관한 다계교배 차대검정을 통하여 동계 생육형 Tall Fescue의 개량이 가능 할 것으로 본다. 10). 본 연구에 있어서 여러형질간의 상호관계의 결과는 분산분석의 결과와도 잘 일치되고 있는바 신품종개발을 위한 바람직한 인자형의 선발에 기여하는 바가 클 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.739-748
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• 2006

토끼의 25분간의 척수허혈 모델에서 cyclosporin A의 신경보호효과를 신경병리학적 연관성과 면역조직화학적분석을 통하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 몸무게가 3.0 kg 전후의 뉴질랜드산 토끼를 이용하였고 복부 대동맥을 25분간 차단하였다. 32마리의 토끼를 무작위로 4군으로 나누어 대조군인 12군(n=8)과 17군(n=8)은 복부 대동맥 차단만 시행한 후 12군은 2일째, 17군은 7일째 희생시켜 신경학적 평가와 조직학적 검사를 시행하였다. 실험군인 Cs2군(n=8)과 Cs7군(n=8)은 복부 대동맥을 차단 후 재관류 15분 후에 cyclosporin A (25 mg/kg)를 정맥 주입한 후 Cs2군은 2일째, Cs7군은 7일째 희생시켜 신경학적 평가와 조직학적 검사를 시행하였다. 결과: 모든 토끼가 술 후 생존하였으며 술 후 2일째 신경학적 평가에 있어서는 군들 간 차이가 얼었으나 술 후 7일째 시행한 평가에서 복부대동맥 허혈 후 cyclosporin A를 투여한 Cs7군의 Tarlov score가 평균 $2.75{\pm}0.89$로 투여하지 않은 17군의 $1.25{\pm}1.39$에 비해 의미 있게 높아 신경학적 평가상 덜 손상을 받았음을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 또한 대조군 17군에서는 신경학적 평가가 2일째보다 7일째 악화하는 경향이었으나 통계학적으로 의미 있는 차이는 없었고 실험군 Cs7군에 있어서는 신경학적 평가가 2일째 $1.87{\pm}0.83$에 비해 7일째 $2.75{\pm}0.89$로 의미 있게 호전되었다(p<0.05). 모든 군을 조직학적으로 손상의 정도에 따라 등급을 매겼으며 신경학적 평가와의 상관관계를 분석하였는데 상관계수 -0.44로 조직학적 손상정도와 신경학적 평가사이에 유의한 관계가 있었다(p=0.009). 병리조직학적 등급을 4군 간 비교하였을 때 2일째 희생시킨 대조군과 실험군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 7일째 희생시킨 17군은 조직학적 등급이 $2.13{\pm}1.36$이었으나 Cs7군은 $1.0{\pm}0.53$으로 두 군 간 유의한 차이가 있어 병리학적으로도 cyclosporin A를 투여한 실험군 Cs7군이 대조군 17군에 비해 덜 손상을 받았음을 알 수 있었다(p=0.039). 12군과 Cs2군에서 TUNEL 염색에 양성반응을 보이는 신경세포의 수는 12군이 $17.5{\pm}22.6$개였고 Cs2군이 $12.5{\pm}11.1$개로 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70)과 neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)에 대한 면역조직화학검사에서 실험군 Cs2군의 신경세포가 대조군 12군에 비해 HSP70과 nNOS의 과발현을 보였으며, 이는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). nNOS와 HSP70의 발현은 강한 연관성을 보였고(상관계수 0.91, p=0.000), nNOS를 발현하는 세포가 동시에 HSP70도 발현함을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 우리는 cyclosporin A가 토끼의 25분간의 척수허혈에 대해 척수보호 효과가 있었으며 이는 HSP70의 과발현과 연관이 있으리라 생각한다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2006

목 적 : 근래에 영아 백신의 숫자가 증가하면서 동시에 접종하는 혼합백신의 개발이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 영아에서 b형 H. influenzae에 대한 단백 결합 백신(PRP-OMP)과 B형 간염 백신의 혼합백신인 $Comvax^{TM}$(Merck & Co.)의 면역원성 및 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 생후 직후 B형 간염 백신(유박스 $B^{TM}$ 또는 헤파박스-진$^{TM}$)을 접종받은 영아를 대상으로 $Comvax^{TM}$를 단독으로 또는 DTaP, IPV, Prevenar 등과 2, 4개월에 접종한 후, 2회 접종 전(4개월 연령) 및 2회 접종 2개월 후(6개월 연령)에 혈청 내 항 PRP 항체가와 anti-HBs를 효소면역법과 chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay로 측정하였다. 결 과 : 총 65명(남아 35명)이 포함되었으며, 58명이 계획된 접종을 완료하였다. 1회 접종 후 항PRP 항체가의 기하 평균치는 1.96 ${\mu}g/mL$(95% CI 1.38~2.78), 2회 접종 후의 기하평균치는 10.02 ${\mu}g/mL$(95% CI 7.04~14.26)이었다. 항체가가 1.0 ${\mu}g/mL$ 이상인 비율은 1회 접종 후 63.2%(95% CI 53.75~72.65), 2회 접종 후 96.6%(95% CI 93.05~100)이었다. 한편 anti-HBs가 10 mIU/mL 이상인 영아의 비율은 4개월에 73.7%(95% CI 65.07~82.33), 6개월에 94.8%(95% CI 90.45~99.15)이었으며, 기하 평균치는 4개월에 38.32 mIU/mL(95% CI 22.42~65.51), 6개월에 101.17 mIU/mL(95% CI; 65.94~155.25)이었다. 백신 접종 후 발생한 이상반응 중 전신 증세로서 보챔(24.8%)이 가장 많았고 졸음(19.2%), 식욕부진(19.2%) 그리고 발열(7.2%) 등이 있었다. 국소 증세로는 동통이 25.6%, 발적이 19.2%, 부종이 4.8%에서 관찰되었다. 이러한 이상반응은 대부분 경증에 속하는 것으로 모두 회복되었다. 결 론 : $Comvax^{TM}$는 우리나라 영아에서 안전하고, 매우 우수한 항-PRP 항체 반응을 보였으며, 본 연구에서 B형 간염에 대해서는 아직 표준화되지 않은 방법으로 접종되었으나 비교적 우수한 항체 반응을 보여 B형 간염에 대해서도 우수한 면역원성을 지녔을 것으로 추측된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.3-18
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• 1985

한국(韓國)에서는 리기다소나무 (Pinus rigida Miller, pitch pine) 지재(枝材)의 해부학적(解剖學的)인 특성(特性)에 관한 연구(硏究)가 광학현미경적(光學顯微鏡的)인 방법(方法)을 통하여 이(李)에 의하여 1972년(年) 발표(發表)되었다. 본 연구(硏究)에서는 리기다소나무 지재(枝材)의 해부학적(解剖學的)인 특성(特性)에 관한 이(李)의 연구(硏究) 속보(續報)로써 압축이상재(壓縮異常材) (compression wood), 대응재(對應材) (opposite wood) 및 측면재(側面材) (side wood)의 횡단면(橫斷面)과 방사단면(放射斷面)상의 조직학적(組織學的) 특성(特性)을 주사전자현미경(走査電子顯微鏡)을 통하여 비교(比較) 연구(硏究)한 바 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하여 보면 다음과 같다. 1. 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)에 있어서 춘재(春材)로부터 추재(秋材)로의 가도관(假導管) 이행(移行)은 극점(極漸)이며 가도관(假導管)의 배열(排列) 및 크기 역시 거의 균일(均一)한 상태(狀態)를 나타내지만 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)에 있어서는 가도관(假導管)의 이행(移行)이 급(急)하며 가도관(假導管)의 배열(排列) 및 크기도 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)보다 불균일(不均一)하다. 또한 대응재(對應材)의 연륜폭(年輪幅)은 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)나 측면재(側面材)의 연륜폭(年輪幅)보다 좁으며 측면재(側面材)의 횡단면(橫斷面)상 방사조직(放射組織)은 압축이상재(壓縮異常材) 및 대응재(對應材)의 방사조직(放射組織)보다 더 명확(明確)하다. 2. 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管) 특히 춘재(春材) 가도관(假導管)이 둥근 경향(傾向)을 나타내는데 반하여 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)은 다소 모난 모양을 나타낸다. 그리고 세포간극(細胞間隙) (intercellular space), 나선강(螺旋腔) (helical cavity) 및 나선형(螺旋型) (spiral check)이 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 춘재(春材) 및 추재(秋材)에 모두 존재하는데 반하여 대응재(對應材)에 있어서는 춘재(春材) 및 추재(秋材) 모두에 존재(存在)하지 않는다. 3. 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)에 있어서 추재(秋材) 가도관(假導管)의 막(膜) 두께가 춘재(春材) 가도관(假導管)의 것보다는 더욱 크지만 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 추재(秋材) 가도관(假導管)은 그 막(膜)의 두께가 춘재(春材) 가도관(假導管)의 것과 비슷하여 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)과는 달리 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)에는 2차막(次膜)의 $S_3$ 층(層)이 존재(存在)하지 않는다. 4. 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)과는 달리 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)은 종종 그 선단부(先端部)가 굴곡(屈曲)되어 있으며 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)에 존재(存在)하는 유연막공(有緣膜孔)은 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 것과는 달리 세포막(細胞膜) 내표면(內表面)의 나선상(螺旋狀) (groove)에 존재(存在)한다. 5. 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)의 방사막(放射膜)에 존재(存在)하는 유연막공(有緣膜孔)은 난형(卵形)이지만 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)의 유연막공(有緣膜孔)은 약간 변형(變形)된 난형(卵形)을 나타낸다. 6. 측면재(側面材)의 춘재(春材)에 있어서 소형(小形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 둥근 삼각형(三角形)을 나타내며 대형(大形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 2개의 소형(小形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)가 합병(合倂)되어 창상(窓狀)을 나타낸다. 그러나, 대응재(對應材)의 춘재(春材)에 있어서 소형(小形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 직립(直立)의 난형(卵形)을 그리고 대형(大形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 평복(平伏)의 난형(卵形)을 나타내며 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 가도관측(假導管側)의 막공연(膜孔緣)으로 인하여 춘재(春材)의 것이 양편 볼록렌즈형(形)을, 추재(秋材)의 것이 슬릿 (slit)형(形)을 나타낸다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2011

Fe-NTA는 전립선에 산화 스트레스를 일으킨다고 보고되어 있으며, 본 연구자는 랫드에 항산화 효과가 있다고 알려진 차전초잎 추출물(P. asiatica leaf extract, PLE)올 1, 2 또는 4 g/kg body weight (b.w.) 1주일간 경구 투여하고 ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)의 복강 주사로 전립선에 손상을 일으킨 후 차전초가 전립선에서 산화 스트레스를 얼마나 억제하여 주는지를 항산화 바이오 마커들인 reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) 및 지질과산화물의 척도인 malondialdehyde (MDA)를 통해서 측정하였다. 전립선 기능 이상 시 증가되는 GSH 및 GR은 아무것도 처리하지 않은 대조군(193.84${\pm}$37.78 mmol/g tissue, 31.32${\pm}$3.85)에 비해 Fe-NTA로 산화스트레스를 유발한 그룹에서 101.89${\pm}$24.31, 15.74${\pm}$2.92mmol/g tissue 48%의 감소를 나타낸다. 반면 PLE 1 g/kg b.w.을 투여한 그룹에서는 GSH 및 GR 수치가 119.01${\pm}$1.23 mmol/g tissue와 19.24${\pm}$0.53 mmol/g tissue, 2 g/kg b.w.을 투여한 그룹에서는 150.80${\pm}$34.11 mmol/g tissue와 19.17${\pm}$3.31 mmol/g tissue 마지막으로 4 g/kg b.w. 투여 그룹에서는 182.99${\pm}$10.89와 26.88${\pm}$4.40 mmol/g tissue로 Fe-NTA만 처리한 그룹에 비해 농도 의존적으로 GSH와 GR 함량이 회복되는 경향을 보이며, 이는 GSH 함량이 농도에 따라 약 l.2, 1.5, 1.8배 증가, GR 함량이 약 1.2, 1.22, 1.7배 증가한 것이다. 이렇듯 정자 보호와 전립선 조직 세포 보호에 관련이 있는 GSH와 GR값이 유의적 차이로 회복되는 결과에 따라 PLE의 전립선 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 또한, 항산화의 또 다른 바이오 마커인 GST 값은 아무것도 처리하지 않은 그룹 96.11${\pm}$6.23 mmol/g tissue에 비해 Fe-NTA 만 처리한 그룹 53.29${\pm}$11.45 mmol/g tissue이 약 45% 정도 감소하였지만, PLE 1, 2 또는 4 g/kg b.w.을 투여 한 그룹에서 각각 65.74${\pm}$9.79 mmol/g tissue, 76.54${\pm}$4.44 mmol/g tissue, 91.66${\pm}$5.53 mmol/g tissue의 값을 나타내며 Fe-NTA에 의해 생성된 산화 스트레스의 자유라디칼을 효과적으로 억제함을 확인하였다. 또한, 전립선에서 철 이온에 의해 유도된 산화스트레스에 의해 발생된 지질과산화물을 측정하였을 때 Fe-NTA에 의해 산화 스트레스만 유발한 그룹은 192.74${\pm}$33.20mmol/g tissue로 대조군 그룹의 75.66${\pm}$14.90 mmol/g tissue 보다 2.55배 높은 MDA를 생성한 것으로 지질과산화가 많이 일어난 것을 확인하였으나, PLE 1, 2 또는 4 g/kg을 투여한 그룹의 MDA의 생성량은 137.84${\pm}$23.29, 125.16${\pm}$16.69, 85.98${\pm}$5.12 mmol/g tissue로 약 29%, 35%, 55% 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 랫드의 전립선에서, 독성을 유발하는 Fe-NTA를 투여 후 PLE를 투여하였을 때 전립선 인지질 막의 손상지표인 MDA의 농도 의존적 감소와 항산화 및 정자 보호의 전립선 기능의 지표인 GSH, GR의 값이 증가하였다. 위의 결과들을 종합하였을 때, 우리는 Fe-NTA가 전립선에서 산회스트레스를 유발하고, 전립선 인지질 막의 손상을 줄 수 있으며, PLE는 이러한 전립선 손상을 항산화 효과를 기본으로 하여 전립선 보호 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.67-87
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• 1969

1. 본 조사는 현재 우리나라에 보존되어 있는 계통을 전부 수집하여 Virus병에 대한 저항성을 계통별로 조사함으로써 잠견생산에 막대한 피해를 주는 Virus병에 대하여 저항성이 강한 계통을 선발하는 동시에 선발된 결과는 앞으로 저항성품종 육성제료로 삼고저 하였다. 2. 가잠의 핵형다각체 Virus병에 대하여 저항성이 강한 계통은 N$_4$, N$_{6}$, N$_{46}$, $C_{85}$, E$_{111}$로써 log ED$_{50}$ 값이 0.799~1.611 범위내에 있으며 강한 계통으로서는 N$_{10}$, $C_{62}$, N$_{70}$, N$_{79}$, $C_{106}$이고 log ED$_{50}$의 값은 5.159~7.258 범위내에 있다(표 4참조) 그러고 일본계통이 가장 강하여 log ED$_{50}$이 3.770이 3.770이고 중국계통의 log ED$_{50}$은 3.564로서 다음이고 가주계통의 log ED$_{50}$이 3.381로서 가장 강한 계통으로 나타났다. 감염율의 회귀방정식의 방향계수는 0.1~0.6범위로서 우리나라 보존계통의 저항성의 균일성이 비교적 작을 경향을 다타냈다. ra계통별 저항성의 유전현상에 대한 해명과 품질육성을 위한 구체적인 응용방법에 관한 구명은 차후의 숙제로 남게 되었다. 3. 잠체의 수분 및 회분과 Virus병에 대한 저항성과는 상관관계가 없었고(표 8참조) 다만 감잠비율(보통 사육법에 의하여 조사된 것)과는 고도의 상관관계가 있다. 즉 4면 기잠에서는 수분 및 회분과는 관계가 없었고 3면 기잠에서는 수분은 +0.326 회분은 +0.326으로서 고도의 유의성을 나타냈고 1면과 2면의 회분에서는 각각 +0.520과 ＋386으로서 고도의 유의성을 나타냈으나 수분에서는 유의성이 없었다(표7 참조). 4. 교배조간에 있어서는 기호 205가 모든 형질에 있어서 가장 우수하였다. 특히 204는 강건성이 매우 좋았으나 견질에 있어서 대조구보다 약간 떨어진다. 기호 212는 견질을 약간 떨어지고 감잠비율은 보통이나 수견량이 공시품종중 가장 많았다(표 11). 5. 종합적으로 기술하면 Virus에 대한 저항성이 강한 상기 몇 계통은 강건성 품종？성을 위한 기초자료가 될것이며 계속 여러 계통외 특성을 조사하여 특성 보존을 위한 품종보존의 완벽을 기하여야겠다.다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1982

The main purpose of this study was to test the effect of the structured information on the sleep amount of the patients undergoing open heart surgery. This study has specifically addressed to the Following two basic research questions: (1) Would the structed in formation influence in the reduction of sleep disturbance related to anxiety and Physical stress before and after the operation? and (2) that would be the effects of the structured information on the level of preoperative state anxiety, the hormonal change, and the degree of behavioral change in the patients undergoing an open heart surgery? A Quasi-experimental research was designed to answer these questions with one experimental group and one control group. Subjects in both groups were matched as closely as possible to avoid the effect of the differences inherent to the group characteristics, Baseline data were also. collected on both groups for 7 days prior to the experiment and found that subjects in both groups had comparable sleep patterns, trait anxiety, hormonal levels and behavioral level. A structured information as an experimental input was given to the subjects in the experimental group only. Data were collected and compared between the experimental group and the control group on the sleep amount of the consecutive pre and post operative days, on preoperative state anxiety level, and on hormonal and behavioral changes. To test the effectiveness of the structured information, two main hypotheses and three sub-hypotheses were formulated as follows; Main hypothesis 1: Experimental group which received structured information will have more sleep amount than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Main hypothesis 2: Experimental group with structured information will have more sleep, amount than control group without structured information during the week following the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 1: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the level of State anxiety than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Sub-hypothesis 2 : Experimental group with structured information will have lower hormonal level than control group without stuctured information on the 5th day after the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 3: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the behavioral change level than control group without structured information during the week after the open heart surgery. The research was conducted in a national university hospital in Seoul, Korea. The 53 Subjects who participated in the study were systematically divided into experimental group and control group which was decided by random sampling method. Among 53 subjects, 26 were placed in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. Instruments; (1) Structed information: Structured information as an independent variable was constructed by the researcher on the basis of Roy's adaptation model consisting of physiologic needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence needs as related to the sleep and of operational procedures. (2) Sleep amount measure: Sleep amount as main dependent variable was measured by trained nurses through observation on the basis of the established criteria, such as closed or open eyes, regular or irregular respiration, body movement, posture, responses to the light and question, facial expressions and self report after sleep. (3) State anxiety measure: State Anxiety as a sub-dependent variable was measured by Spi-elberger's STAI Anxiety scale, (4) Hormornal change measure: Hormone as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the cortisol level in plasma. (5) Behavior change measure: Behavior as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the Behavior and Mood Rating Scale by Wyatt. The data were collected over a period of four months, from June to October 1981, after the pretest period of two months. For the analysis of the data and test for the hypotheses, the t-test with mean differences and analysis of covariance was used. The result of the test for instruments show as follows: (1) STAI measurement for trait and state anxiety as analyzed by Cronbachs alpha coefficient analysis for item analysis and reliability showed the reliability level at r= .90 r= .91 respectively. (2) Behavior and Mood Rating Scale measurement was analyzed by means of Principal Component Analysis technique. Seven factors retained were anger, anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, bizarre behavior, suspicious behavior and emotional withdrawal. Cumulative percentage of each factor was 71.3%. The result of the test for hypotheses show as follows; (1) Main hypothesis, was not supported. The experimental group has 282 minutes of sleep as compared to the 255 minutes of sleep by the control group. Thus the sleep amount was higher in experimental group than in control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (2) Main hypothesis 2 was not supported. The mean sleep amount of the experimental group and control group were 297 minutes and 278 minutes respectively Therefore, the experimental group had more sleep amount as compared to the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. Thus, the main hypothesis 2 was not supported. (3) Sub-hypothesis 1 was not supported. The mean state anxiety of the experimental group and control group were 42.3, 43.9 in scores. Thus, the experimental group had slightly lower state anxiety level than control group, howe-ver, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (4) Sub-hypothesis 2 was not supported. . The mean hormonal level of the experimental group and control group were 338 ㎍ and 440 ㎍ respectively. Thus, the experimental group showed decreased hormonal level than the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (5) Sub-hypothesis 3 was supported. The mean behavioral level of the experimental group and control group were 29.60 and 32.00 respectively in score. Thus, the experimental group showed lower behavioral change level than the control group. The difference was statistically significant at .05 level. In summary, the structured information did not influence the sleep amount, state anxiety or hormonal level of the subjects undergoing an open heart surgery at a statistically significant level, however, it showed a definite trends in their relationships, not least to mention its significant effect shown on behavioral change level. It can further be speculated that a great degree of individual differences in the variables such as sleep amount, state anxiety and fluctuation in hormonal level may partly be responsible for the statistical insensitivity to the experimentation.