• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.81-84
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• 2009

Objective : Many biomechanical and clinical studies on adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) have addressed cranial segment. No study has been conducted on caudal segment degeneration after upper segment multiple lumbar fusions. This is a retrospective investigation of the L5-S1 segment after spinal fusion at and above L4-5, which was undertaken to analyze the rate of caudal ASD at L5-S1 after spinal fusion on and above L4-5 and to determine that factors that might have influenced it. Methods : The authors included 67 patients with L4-5, L3-5, or L2-5 posterior fusions. Among these patients, 28 underwent L4-5 fusion, 23 L3-5, and 16 L2-5 fusions. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were analyzed to assess degenerative changes at L5-S1. Also, clinical results after fusion surgery were analyzed. Results : Among the 67 patients, 3 had pseudoarthrosis, and 35 had no evidence of ASD, cranially and caudally. Thirteen patients (19.4%) showed caudal ASD, 23 (34.3%) cranial ASD, and 4 (6.0%) both cranial and caudal ASD. Correlation analysis for caudal ASD at L5-S1 showed that pre-existing L5-S1 degeneration was most strongly correlated. In addition, numbers of fusion segments and age were also found to be correlated. Clinical outcome was not correlated with caudal ASD at L5-S1. Conclusion : If caudal and cranial ASD are considered, the overall occurrence rate of ASD increases to 50%. The incidence rate of caudal ASD at L5-S1 was significantly lower than that of cranial ASD. Furthermore, the occurrence of caudal ASD was found to be significantly correlated with pre-existing disc degeneration.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2014

This study conducted a survey to analyze awareness, preferences, and the current state of consuming environmentally friendly organic food while eating-out in 435 adults aged 20 and above in Daegu, Korea. Most subjects (95%) showed awareness of environmentally friendly organic food, and 88.5% of subjects answered environmentally friendly organic food is 'needed'. The percentage of eating out for families was 58.9%, and 49.0% of subjects said they eat out one to three times per month on average. In addition, subjects preferred a price range between 10,000 and 20,000 won per person when eating out, and they mostly favored Korean restaurants when ordering environmentally friendly organic food. Analysis of awareness of environmentally friendly organic food showed that among 'health' factors, 'environmental' factors, 'social' factors, and 'dietary essential' factors, 'health' factors showed the highest percentage for awareness. A survey on preferred foods by gender showed that both genders preferred vegetables the most. The results show that subjects in their 20s and 30s favored vegetables and fruits while subjects in their 40s preferred vegetables and grain animal products. Analysis of preferred types of environmentally friendly organic foods showed that men preferred polished rice while women preferred brown rice. Subjects in their 20s and 30s preferred strawberries, whereas those in their 40s preferred cherry tomatoes and those in their 50s and above favored tomatoes (p<0.001). Among root and tuber crops (63.4%), sweet potato was the most preferred. Among fruits, subjects preferred apples while among special crops, they most preferred oyster mushrooms; both genders preferred Korean beef. The most preferred livestock product of subjects in their 20s was pork, whereas subjects in their 30s preferred Korean beef. Subjects in their 40s preferred Korean beef and pork in the same proportions, whereas subjects in their 50s and above favored eggs the most.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.312-316
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• 1996

A series of N-Cbz${alpha}$-aminosucinimides (1), combining common moieties of various anticonvulsants such as N-CO-C-N and cyclic imide in a single molecule, were synthesized from the corresponding (R)- and (S)-N-Cbz-aspartic acid (2). And their in vivo anticonvulsant evaluations in MES and PTZ test were investigated. And also the rotorod test for neurotoxicity was investigated. All the tested compounds (1), except 1c and 1f, showed significant anticonvulsant activities in both MES and PTZ test. And the most active compound among them in MES test was (R)-N-Cbz-${alpha}$-amino-N-methylsuccinimide (1b) $(ED_50/=52.5 mg/kg)$ and (S)-N-Cbz-aminosuccinimide((1d) was most active in PTZ test $(ED_50/=78.1 mg/kg)$. And the $TD_50$ values of the tested compounds were above 117.5 mg/kg. These pharmacological data were comparable to those of currently available anticonvulsants. And also we found that the pharmacological effects were dependent on their N-substituted alkyl chains and their stereochemistry.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.119-138
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• 2015

본 연구는 과학고 신입생들을 대상으로 수학, 물리, 화학, 영어 교과에서의 상급 학년 성취 수준을 평가하였다. 상급 학년 수준 시험은 천장효과를 배제한 성취수준을 평가할 수 있는 도구로 대학수학능력시험의 동형검사지를 개발 활용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 과학고 신입생들의 수학, 과학 교과 학업성취도는 응시생의 50%이상이 수능 5등급이내에 위치하고 영어교과는 19.3%미만의 학생들이 5등급이내의 성적을 나타내어 수학이나 과학보다는 상대적으로 낮았다. 둘째, 과목 내 단원별 학업성취도가 높고 낮은 단원을 보면, 수학은 '행렬' 단원이 높고 '수열' 단원이 낮았다. 미적분과 통계 과목은 '함수의 극한과 연속성' 단원이 높고, '통계' 단원이 가장 낮았다. 물리 과목에서는 '전기와 자기' 단원이 중간 수준, '파동과 입자' 단원이 하위수준이었다. 화학 과목에서는 '생활 속의 화합물' 단원이 높고, '공기' 단원이 낮았다. 영어 교과에서는 읽기 영역의 '실용문'이 매우 높았으며, 쓰기 영역의 '문장'이 낮았다. 결론적으로 상급 학년 수준 시험은 학생들의 수준에 맞는 개별화된 프로그램을 적용하는데 좋은 방안이라 할 수 있다.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

In this experiment, we examined the the effect of Laetrile Oil to the immune system and tried to disclose the anti-cancer mechanism of this. The result is listed as below. 1. After per-os, sub-cutaneous and into the peritoneal injection of Laetrile Oil to the SPF mice, the LD50 is above 5000mg/kg at even group. 2. Mean survival days of mice treated with laetril oil, after S-180 cells transplantation into the peritoneal cavity decreases 1.5 days(-6.8%) compared with the Mean survival days of the control group(22days.) 3. Effects of laetril oil on natural killer cell activity at Effector/Target Cell Ratio with 100:1, 50:1, 10:1 into methotrexate-pretreated mice is like this.: Compared with $29.22\pm12.7\%$ Cytotoxicity of the control group, sample group's Cytotoxicity had $38.83{\pm}12.5%$ of meaningful acrease. At 100:1 Effecr/Target Cell Ratio. At 50:1 Effector/Target Cell Ratio, control group has $20.02{\pm}9.6%$ Cytotoxiciy and sample group had $31.53{\pm}13.4%$ Cytotoxicity. At 25:1 Effector/Target Cell Ratio control group has $13.60{\pm}6.6%$ Cytotoxicity and sample group had $20.81{\pm}9.8%$ Cytotoxicity According to the above results, the Laetrile Oil represents nontotoxic to a SPF mice. non-effective to transplantable Sarcoma 180 tumors, and activaion in NK cell activity.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1974

Results of an experiment on the general behavior of rats in order to explore the possible pharmacological actions of Panax Ginseng upon the central nervous system can be summarized as follows: 1) The rats treated with Ginseng-saponin intraperitoneally with the doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg show the decreased sleeping component and increase in lying and grooming component and walking and rearing component of general behavior. 2) There are no difference between control group and saline treated group in pattern of general behavior components. 3) In the Ginseng-saponin treated groups, the amphetamine stimulated walking and rearing component of genenarl behavior are reduced but lying and grooming component are elevated. 4) Ginseng-saponin shows very low acute toxicity in mice. The $LD_{50}$ in mice of 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection was 795 mg/kg. From the above findings, it is to suggest that the Ginseng saponin might stimulate the central nervous system but its mode of action appears to be different from that of amphetamine. And the effects of Ginseng saponin may be varied depending on various experimental situation or condition of animals.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the preference for purchase and ingestion of Korean traditional food Kimchi among the different age groups in order to find a way to increase Kimchi consumption. The result of a questionnaire is from 51 male respondents(14.6%) and 299 female ones(85%). This indicates that most of the female respondents buy Kimchi. Second, 61.7% of the respondents have experience purchasing ready-made Kimchi. Third, the most preferred purchase place of Kimchi is a big mart or a department store. Fourth, the important factors of purchasing come nutrition, price, brand, color or package in that order. Also, 60.9% of respondents show that they "should eat Kimchi". Fifth, the reason of eating Kimchi is taste in the age groups under 20s and 30s and above 50s. Lastly, the analysis on the importance of ingestion shows as follows: respondents in their 20s are 57 persons(16.3%), 30s 59(16.9%), 40s 162(46.3%), and 50s 72(20.6%), showing 40s the highest among them.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 슬리브 모노폴 안테나 슬리브 내에 로딩 코일을 적용한 광대역 안테나를 제안하였으며, 제안한 안테나의 중심주파수는 1.900MHz 이다. 이 안테나는 단일 슬리브 모노플 안테나의 구조에서 슬리브의 내도체를 인턱터의 역할을 하는 코일을 변형한 것이다. 그 결과 S$_{11}$=-10㏈(VSWR〈2) 대역폭이 1.239~2.154GHz(53.9% 이상)의 광대역이고 안테나 임피던스 특성도 우수하여 50 Ω계의 통신시스템 및 급전선에 적용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.204-212
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• 1997

설탕을 일부 혹은 전부(30%, 50%, 75%, 100%)를 두 종류의 올리고당(IOS, FOS)과 말티톨 시럽 및 분말로 대체하여 열량을 낮춘 기능성 스폰지 케익을 제조하였으며, 설탕 대체품별 케익의 물리적, 관능적 검사를 통하여 스폰지 케익 품질 특성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 거품과 케익 반죽의 비중은 사용된 설탕 대체품들간에 유의적 차이가 없었고(P < 0.05), IOS의 대체(30%, 50%)는 케익 반죽의 점도를 유의적으로 상승시키는 효과가 있었다. 말티톨 시럽 사용은 분말 상태에서보다 50% 당용액과 케익 반죽에서 점도가 약간 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 2. 설탕의 30%, 50%를 FOS로 대체 하였을 때 케익의 부피가 유의적으로 증가되었으나 반면에 MP 50% 이상 대체시 대조구 케익보다 부피가 횔씬 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. IOS나 MS를 함유한 케익은 대조구와 부피가 유사하였다. 3. 올리고당이나 말티톨 사용은 경도가 낮은 부드러운 케익을 형성하였으며 특히 IOS 30%, 50%, MP 75%, 100%로 대체된 케익은 케익의 구조가 약하게 형성되어 경도가 유의적으로 가장 낮았다. 4. MP사용 케익 껍질 색깔은 그 대체 비율이 증가함에 따라 L값은 증가하고 a값은 감소하면서 갈색의 옅은 정도가 증가하였으나 IOS나 FOS를 대체한 케익은 대조구에 비하여 낮은 L값과 높은 a값으로 어둡고 적색이 많이 나타났다. 5. 관능 검사에서 케익 껍질의 색깔은 기계적 측정치와 비슷한 경향을 나타냈으나 케익 속의 색깔은 시료간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 감미도는 FOS, MS, MP 각각 30%, 50%로 대체된 케익이 대조구 케익보다 강하게 느껴졌고 촉촉함은 올리고당과 말티톨이 사용된 모든 케익은 설탕 100% 사용한 대조구 케익보다 더 촉촉하였으며, 특히 말티톨로 대체된 케익들이 촉촉한 정도가 높았다. 그러나 케익의 수분 함량과는 일치하지 않았다. 부드러움, 탄력성, 껌성은 유의적인차이가 없이 대조구 케익과 비슷하였다. 6. 기호도 검사에서 케익 껍질이나 케익 속의 색깔은 너무 진하거나 너무 연한 것보다는 대조구 케익과 비슷한 황갈색을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 사용된 올리고당 IOS, FOS나 말티톨로 대체된 스폰지 케익은 설탕 100% 사용한 케익과 비교하여 크게 나쁘지 않거나 휠씬 나은 특성을 보이므로 스폰지 케익 제조에 그들의 이용이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

This study was performed to develop thin layer drying equations fur short grain rough rice using far-infrared ray. Thin layer drying tests was conducted at four far-infrared ray temperature levels of 30, 40, 50, 60$^{\circ}C$ and two initial moisture content levels of 20.7, 26.2%(w.b.). The measured moisture ratios were fitted to Lewis and Page drying models by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Half response time of drying was affected by both drying temperature and initial moisture content at drying temperature of below 40$^{\circ}C$, but at above 40$^{\circ}C$ was mainly affected by drying temperature. Experimental constant(k) in Lewis model was a function of drying temperature, but K and N in Page model were function of drying temperature and initial moisture content. Moisture ratios predicted by two drying models agreed well with experimental values. But in the actual range of drying temperature above 30$^{\circ}C$ Page model was more suitable for predicting of drying rates.