• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

For this study, Korean-type Koumiss was made by the fermentation of mixed cultures, in which yeast, Kuyveromyces, and microflora, Streptococcus thermophiles and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, were inoculated into 10% skimmed milk with added whey powder(control: A, 2%: B, 4%: C, 6%: D, and 8%: E). Fat, protein, lactose, titratable acidity, pH, the number of lactic acid bacteria, the number of yeast, alcohol content, volatile fatty acids, volatile free amino acids and minerals were measured in the products. The results were as follows: As the dosage of whey powder increased, fat increased from 0.74% in the control to 2.30% in sample E, protein increased from 2.95% in the control to 4.39% in sample E and lactose increased from 3.10% in the control to 7.43% in sample E. Titratable acidity and pH increased gradually. The number of lactic acid bacteria increased from $10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in the control to $3.8{\times}10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in sample E, and the number of yeast increased from $6.1{\times}10^7\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in the control to $1.65{\times}10^8\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in sample E, according to the increase of whey powder content. For alcohol content, the average values were 0.863%, 0.967%, 0.890%, 1.290%, and 1.313% for the control and samples B, C, D, and E, respectively. As the dosage of whey powder increased, alcohol content showed a tendency to gradually increase. The average alcohol content of E was 1.313 and this was higher than the alcohol content of Kazahstana-type Koumiss with 1.08%. Sixteen types of free amino acids were detected. Glycine was the lowest in the control at $0.38mg/m{\ell}$ and sample E contained $0.64mg/m{\ell}$. Histidine was also low in the control at $0.42mg/m{\ell}$ and sample E contained $0.65mg/m{\ell}$. On the other hand, glutamic acid was highest at $4.13mg/m{\ell}$ in the control whereas sample E had $6.96mg/m{\ell}$. Proline was also high in the control at $1.71mg/m{\ell}$ in control, but E contained $2.80mg/m{\ell}$. Aspartic acid and leucine were greater in sample E than in the control. For volatile free fatty acids, content generally had a tendency to increase in the control, and samples B, C, D, and E. Content of acetic acid gradually increased from $12,661{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in the control to $37,140{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in sample E. Butyric acid was not detected in the control and was measured as $1,950{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in sample E. Caproic acid content was $177{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in the control and $812{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in sample E, and it increased according to the increase of whey powder content. Valeric acid was measured in a small amount in the control as $22{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, but it was not detected in any other case. Mineral contents of Ca, P, and Mg increased from 1,042.38 ppm, 863.61 ppm, and 101.28 ppm in the control to 1,535.12 ppm, 1,336.71 ppm, and 162.44 ppm in sample E, respectively. Na content was increased from 447.19 ppm in the control to 1,001.57 ppm in sample E. The content of K was increased from 1,266.39 ppm in the control to 2,613.93 ppm in E. Mineral content also increased with whey powder content. In sensory evaluations, the scores increased as whey powder content increased. Flavor was lowest in the control with 6.3 points and highest in E with 8.2 points. Body and texture were highest at 4.2 points in the control, which did not have added whey powder. In the case of appearance, there were no great differences among the samples.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.180-185
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• 2001

Al and Cd-induced inhibition of vitellogenin (VTG) production was examined at the estrogen receptor (ER) level in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss hepatocytes. The binding of $[^3H]$ $estradiol-17\beta\;(E_2)$ to hepatocytes reached a plateau 3 days after addition of $E_2\;(2\times\;10^{-6} M)$to the medium. The binding activity was linearly reduced with the increased concentrations $(-10^{-5}\;M)$ of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OHT) and specific binding linearly increased with the increased doses of $[^3H]\;E_2$, indicating that the radioligand bound to ER. Al $(-10^{-4}\;M)$and Cd $(10^{-6}\;M)$ as well as 4-OHT $(10^{-6}\;M)$ significantly reduced the $[^3H]\;E_2$-binding activity by $30­40\%$, while they completely inhibited VTG production. Al and Cd had no effect on $E_2-human$ $ER\alpha$ binding activity at any concentrations used $(-10^5\;nM\;each)$. These results suggested that Al and Cd inhibited VTG production in part by interfereing with the ER level. Inhibitory effects of these metals on the $E_z-dependent$ upregulation of ER activity are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2024

The present study was conducted to explore relationships between anemia and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) in Korean adults with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). The data of 4,943 adults aged ≥20 years who participated in KNHNES V-3 (2012) were analyzed. In the non-MetS group, the odds ratio (OR) for anemia of those with a decreased eGFR {eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m², 3.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03~7.30)} was significant as was the OR of those with decreased eGFR plus elevated uACR (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m² and uACR≥30 mg/g, 5.81 [95% CI, 2.60~13.02]). In the MetS group, ORs for anemia for those with an elevated uACR (2.18 [95% CI, 1.11~4.27]), a decreased eGFR (3.74 [95% CI, 1.11~12.55]), or a decreased eGFR plus an elevated uACR (16.79 [95% CI, 5.93~47.57]) were significant. In conclusion, in non-MetS, anemia was associated with a low eGFR, whereas in MetS, anemia was associated with a low eGFR and an elevated uACR. In addition, the OR for anemia was greatly increased when eGFR was diminished and uACR was elevated regardless of MetS and MetS status.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.1069-1083
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• 2016

In this paper, the structure of e-local modules and classes of modules via essentially small are investigated. We show that the following conditions are equivalent for a module M: (1) M is e-local; (2) $Rad_e(M)$ is a maximal submodule of M and every proper essential submodule of M is contained in a maximal submodule; (3) M has a unique essential maximal submodule and every proper essential submodule of M is contained in a maximal submodule.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.709-719
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• 1992

We synthesized the binuclear tetradentate Schiff base cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes such as [Co(II)_2(TSBP)(L)_4], [Ni(II)_2(TSBP)(II)_4] and [Cu(II)_2(TSBP)] (TSBP: 3,3',4,4'-tetra(salicylideneimino)-1,1'-biphenyl, L: Py, DMSO and DMF). We identified the binucleated structure of these complexes by elemental analysis, IR-spectrum, UV-visible spectrum, T.G.A. and D.S.C. According to the results for cyclic voltammogram and differential pulse polarogram of 1 mM complexes in nonaqueous solvents included 0.1M TEAP-L (L; Py, DMSO and DMF) as supporting electrolyte, it was found that diffusionally controlled redox processes of four steps through with one electron for binucleated Schiff base Cobalt(II) complex was Co(III)_2 {^\longrightarrow \\_\longleftarrow^e^-}Co(III)Co(II)_2{^\longrightarrow \\_\longleftarrow^e^-}Co(II){^\longrightarrow \\_\longleftarrow^e^-}Co(I){^\longrightarrow \\_\longleftarrow^e^-}Co(I)_2 and two steps with one electron for Nickel(II) and Copper(II) complexes were M(II)_2 {^\longrightarrow \\_\longleftarrow^e^-}M(I)M(I){^\longrightarrow \\_\longleftarrow^e^-}M(I)_2 (M; Ni and Cu) in nonaqueous solvents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ on the adventitious root growth and eleuthroside synthesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus during 3 L-bioreactor culture. The change of medium component ratio was also measured during culture. The fresh weignt of adventitious root reached to the greatest level of 24.4g FW/L in the presence of 50 mM $NO_3{^-}$ and 10 mM $NH_4{^+}$, representing 3.4-fold increase compared to the 60 mM $NH_4{^+}$. However, as the increase of the portion of $NH_4{^+}$, the root growth was decreased. Maximum eleutheroside B and E1 production were $249{\mu}g/g$ and $43{\mu}g/g$, respectively, with 30 mM total nitrogen source. The maximum production of eleutheroside E were $788{\mu}g/g$ with 120 mM total nitrogen source. The greatest weight of adventitious root increased up to 6.2 fold of inoculum size within 9 weeks. The change of pH was influenced from 4.81 to 6.35 and the amounts of $NH_4{^+}$ and $K^+$ were decreased during culture periods. From these results we suggest, need further study of various treatment to increase the growth of biomass and the accumulation of useful secondary metabilites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.288-293
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• 2000

BPM simulation was used in order to fabricate the LiNbO$_3$optical waveguide with optical source of He-Ne laser(λ=0.6328[$\mu$m]). we observed electric field E$_{x}$, E$_{y}$ in the x,y-direction are simulated at the LiNbO$_3$substrate (X1 55[$\mu$m]$\times$Z1 5000[$\mu$m]), where the depth, width and buffer layer of waveguide are 0.2[$\mu$m],4[$\mu$m] and 0.02[$\mu$m] respectively. By applying these parameters of single waveguide to simulate a X-switch, we have chosen index change of 0.002, width of 3[$\mu$m] and angle of 0.4$^{\circ}$~0.6$^{\circ}$of optical waveguide and under these conditions, optical beam propagates cross-side at 0.4$^{\circ}$. When applied switching voltage of 25[V], optical beam of X-switch turns cross-side to bar-side at intersection angle 0.4$^{\circ}$, index change of 0.002, waveguide width of 3[$\mu$m], electrode gap 2[$\mu$m]. By the above results, we can obtain design conditions of theoretical analysis of an X-switch optical waveguide.e.e.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.158-162
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• 1992

Hydrocarbon solution of $(PPh_3)_2(CO)MOSO_2CF_3(M=Rh$, Ir)reacts rapidly with Pyrazine or 4,4'-bipyridyl to yield dinuclear metal complexes $[(PPh_3)_3(CO)M({\mu}-pyrazine)M(CO)(PPh_3)_2](SO_3CF_3)_2$ (I: M= RhH; III: M=Ir) or [$(PPh_3)_2$(CO)M(${\mu}$-44'-bipyridyl)M(CO)$(PPh_3)_2](SO_3CF_3)_2$, (II: M=Rh; IV: M=Ir), respectively. Compounds, I, II, III, and IV were characterized by $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$, $^{31}P-NMR$, and infrared spectrum. Ethanol solution of $(PPh_3)_2(CO)MOSO_2CF_3$ (M=Rh, Ir) also reacts with $(TBA)_2$M'$(CN)_4$ (M'=Pd, Pt) to yield trinuclear metal complexes [$(PPh_3)_2$(CO)dM-NCM'$(CN)_2$CN-M(CO)$(PPh_3)_2]$ (V : M=Rh, M'=Pd; VI : M=Rh, M'=Pt; VII: M=Ir, M'=Pd; VIII: M=Ir, M'=Pt). The trinuclear metal complexes V, VI, VII, and VIII are bridged by the cyanide groups. The infrared spectrum of V, VI, VII, and VIII supports the presence of the bridged cyanide and terminal cyanide group.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.169-174
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• 1988

To determine the prevalence and the morphological identification of two Eimeria species in fecal examinations, a total of 1092 fecal specimens collected during the period of March to December in 1987 was tested by means of flotation technique. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. The prevalence of two species was revealed as 1.83% and 0.92% in E. bukidnonensis and E. wyomingensis, respectively. 2. The oocysts of E. bukidnonensis measured in range of $41.3{\mu}m$ to $49.4{\mu}m(mean\;45.5{\pm}1.7){\times}28.8{\mu}m$ to $35.3{\mu}m(mean\;32.2{\pm}1.2)$, and E. wyomingensis $36.9{\mu}m$ to $44.5{\mu}m(mean\;39.8{\pm}1.7){\times}26.5{\mu}m$ to $29.9{\mu}m(mean\;28.2{\pm}0.9)$. 3. The oocysts of E. bukidnonensis appeared darker and more robust than those of E. wyomingensis. 4. The striations in the oocyst wall of E. bukidnonensis were more peculiar than in E. wyomingensis. 5. Among the morphological characteristic, the widths could be reliably taken as a differential point of view for two Eimeria species.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.969-978
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• 2014

The aprE2 gene with its prosequence from Bacillus subtilis CH3-5 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by using plasmid pET26b(+). After IPTG induction, active and mature AprE2 was produced when cells were grown at $20^{\circ}C$, whereas inactive and insoluble enzyme was produced in a large amount when cells were grown at $37^{\circ}C$. The insoluble fraction was resuspended with 6 M guanidine-HCl and dialyzed against 2 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) or 0.5 M sodium acetate (pH 7.0) buffer. Then active AprE2 was regenerated and purified by a Ni-NTA column. Purified AprE2 from the soluble fraction had a specific activity of $1,069.4{\pm}42.4U/mg$ protein, higher than that from the renatured insoluble fraction. However, more active AprE2 was obtained by renaturation of the insoluble fraction. AprE2 was most stable at pH 7 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of AprE2 was inhibited by PMSF, but not by EDTA and metal ions. AprE2 degraded $A{\alpha}$ and $B{\beta}$ chains of fibrinogen quickly, but not the ${\gamma}$-chain. AprE2 exhibited the highest specificity for N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA. The $K_m$ and $k_{cat}/K_m$ of AprE2 was 0.56 mM and $3.10{\times}10^4S^{-1}M^{-1}$, respectively.