• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2007

Distributions of physiological inhibitors of a tau-type pumpkin glutathione S-transferase(CmGSTU3) have been investigated in different organs of pumpkin plants, including the onion bulb and water hyacinth root. Inhibitory effects were observed in alcoholic extracts of all plant parts, but the extracts prepared from the roots of either water hyacinth or pumpkin plant showed the highest effect on CmGSTU3 toward 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene(CDNB). Results of various chromatographies indicated that a number of inhibitory substances were present in the alcoholic extract of each plant organ. Some macromolecules in the plant extracts exhibited inhibitory effects; however, the extracts might contain a large number of unknown low-molecular-weight inhibitory substances. Some of the low-molecular-weight inhibitors in water hyacinth root extract showed characteristics fluoresce under UV light.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 1965

It seems like that the characteristics and drug-resistances of fungi are respectively different in various circumstances. Scores of chemicals were applicated to the leather-fungi in this study. M-dinitrobenzene, 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene and phenyl mercuric acetate inhibited the growth of Aspergilli which were isolated from Korean-leather. The minimum fungicidal limits of p-nitrophenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline and sodium-pentachlorophenolate against the Korean-originated strains are different from that of other country. In the mass-screening of fungicides, artificial "Leather-extracts media" have been designed and used, and the media contributed to screening-tests. Fat and oils which are the materials of fat-liquoring in leather manufacture affects the drugresistance of the leather-fungi. It is found that the accelerating-method on malt-agar plate is effective to determinate the fungicidal action of chemicals in short time.hort time.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.191-208
• /
• 1991

Pulmonary conjugation pathways may be important for the metabolism of xenobiotics introduced via airways of systemically. The objective of this study was to determine the pulmonary conjugating capacity in both the isolated perfused rabbit lung (IPRL) and in vitro, and the ability of ethanol to alter the above. The IPRL was capable of conjugating glutathione (GSH) with either 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) of 1,2-epoxy-(p-nitrophenoxy) propane(ENP). The pulmonary GSH conjugation with ENP was inhibited by cibacron blue, indicating the presence of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) u and/or classes, but it was not altered by buthionine sulfoximine, a selective inhibitor of Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.139-143
• /
• 2002

Cotton Glutathione S-Transferase (GST: EC 2.5.1.18) was cloned and overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Northern blot analysis confirmed the successful transformation of cotton gst gene in tobacco plant. Type I and Type ll transcript patterns were identified in transgenic tobacco plants and only Type I transcripts were discussed in this paper, The activity of GST in the type II transgenic plants was about 1.5-fold higher than those of the wild type and non-expresser by using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and reduced glutathione as the substrate. The expression of cotton GST in tobacco plants proved that Gh-5 could be translated into functional protein. Type II transgenic plants produced functional GST in the cells. The effects of cotton GST in the seedlings was evaluated by growing the control and transgenic seedlings at $15^{\circ}C$ in the growth chamber in the light. Overexpressors were grown well compared to the control plants (non-expressors). lo test far tolerance to salinity, seeds of Gh-5 overexpressors and the wild type Xanthi seedlings were grown at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl solution. Gh-5 transgenic seedlings showed higher growth rate over control seedlings on 50 and 100 mM NaCl solution. There was no difference in growth rate at 150 and 200mM NaCl concentration.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.30 no.9
• /
• pp.1343-1354
• /
• 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disorder that causes chronic itch. We investigated the inhibitory effects of a mixture of prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), inulin, or β-glucan on AD development in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-treated NC/Nga mice. Mice were randomly assigned to six groups: untreated mice, AD control, positive control (DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of Zyrtec), and DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of prebiotics such as scGOS/lcFOS (T1), inulin (T2), or β-glucan (T3). The prebiotic treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) showed suppression of AD symptoms, Th2 cell differentiation, and AD-like skin lesions induced by DNCB. In addition, prebiotic treatment also reduced the number of microorganisms such as Firmicutes, which is associated with AD symptoms, and increased the levels of Bacteroidetes and Ruminococcaceae, which are associated with alleviation of AD symptoms. Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effects of prebiotics on AD development by improving the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and beneficial symbiotic microorganisms in in vitro and in vivo models.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.179-183
• /
• 2000

The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities of S-type and L-type thioltransferases (TTases), which are purified from the seeds and leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively, were identified and compared. The S-type and L-type TTases showed $K_m$ values of 9.72 mM and 3.18mM on 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), respectively, indicating the L-type TTase has higher affinity for CDNB. The GST activity of the L-type TTase was rapidly inactivated after being heated at $70^{\circ}C$ or higher. The GST activity of the S-type TTase remains active in a range of $30-90^{\circ}C$. $Hg^{2+}$ inhibited the GST activity of the S-type TTase, whereas $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ inhibited the GST activity of the L-type TTase. Our results suggest that the GST activities of two TTases of Arabidopsis thaliana may have different catalytic mechanisms. The importance of the co-existence of TTAse and GST activities in one protein remains to be elucidated.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 2004

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of Chungganhaeju-Tang on alcohol induced human hepatic cell apoptosis by synthesis of glutathione. Methods : The amount of glutathione in HepG2 cell was measured with colorimetric glutathione assay kit and glutathione-conjugated CDNB(1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) at $37^{\circ}C$ and then measured by spectrometry to assess the activity of glutathione S-transferase. Results : The synthesis of glutathione and the activity of glutathione S-transferase in HepG2 cell were promoted by Chungganhaeju-Tang and increased in dose/time-dependent manner. Chungganhaeju-Tang inhibited apoptosis induced by ethanol and acetaldehyde dependent to treatment dosage. In Buthione sulfoximine, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor, treated case, the synthesis of glutathione was inhibited and in Chungganhaeju-Tang treated case, the synthesis of glutathione is promoted with or without Buthione sulfoximine. The present findings suggest that Chungganhaeju-Tang inhibits alcohol induced apoptosis by synthesis of glutathione in HepG2 cell. Conclusions : The result indicates that Chungganhaeju-Tang protects human hepatic cell by glutathione synthesis and made the liver recover from alcohol induced damage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.501-509
• /
• 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Suppression of MAPKs and NF-κB is implicated as a vital mechanism of action of several traditional Chinese medicines for AD therapy. Although overexpression of MAPK mRNA in the skin tissue has been shown in the AD model, the roles of each MAPK in AD pathogenesis have rarely been studied. This study examined the effect of NJK14047, an inhibitor of p38 MAPKs, on AD-like skin lesions induced in BALB/c mice by sensitization and challenges with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) on dorsal skin and ears, respectively. After induction of AD, NJK14047 (2.5 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) was administrated for 3 weeks via intraperitoneal injection. Following its administration, NJK14047 suppressed CDNB-induced AD-like symptoms such as skin hypertrophy and suppressed mast cell infiltration into the skin lesions. It also reduced CDNB-induced increase in T_H2 cytokine (IL-13) and T_H1 cytokines (interferon-γ and IL-12A) levels but did not decrease serum IgE level. Furthermore, NJK14047 blocked CDNB-induced lymph node enlargement. These results suggest that NJK14047, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, might be an optimal therapeutic option with unique modes of action for AD treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 2011

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic eczema and mechanical injury to the skin, caused by scratching. Korean red ginseng (RG) has diverse biological activities, but the molecular effects of RG on allergic diseases, like AD, are unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether RG inhibits 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD in a mouse model. DNCB was applied topically on the dorsal surface of Balb/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. We observed the scratching behavior and examined the serum IgE level and interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in splenocytes compared with dexamethasone. We also evaluated the DNCB-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), NF-${\kappa}B$, and Ikaros activities after RG treatment using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and ELISA. Our data showed that the topical application of RG significantly improved the AD-like skin lesions and scratching behavior. RG decreased not only the mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10, but also the secretion of IL-4 protein and serum IgE in mice. Additionally, RG treatment decreased the DNCB-induced MAPKs activity and subsequent Ikaros translocation irrespective of NF-${\kappa}B$. We suggest that RG may be useful as a therapeutic nutrition for the treatment of AD.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.299-304
• /
• 2000

The modulation of cytochrome P450(P450) activities and glutathione S-transferase (GST) was investigated after i.p. administration of glucose-diethyldithiocarbamate (Glu-DDTC) to rats. P450 1 A2 and 2El activities were inhibited by 60% 4 hr after the administration of 200 mg Glu-DDTC/kg and those activities were recovered to original levels 24 hr after dosing. In contrast, GST activities were enhanced up to 24 hr after dosing. These results seem to be due to the bifunctional activity of Glu-DDTC. Glu-DDTC acts as an inhibitor of P450 enzymes as well as inducer of GST enzyme. Glu-DDTC inhibited PNP hydroxylation (P450 2El) and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation (P450 1A2) in a dose-dependent manner up to 200 mg/kg wherease it did not affect testosterone 6$\beta$-hydroxylation (P450 3A) and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (P450 2B) activities. Induction of GST activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzenen (DCNB) was dependent on the dose of Glu-DDTC and no species difference in the GST induction was seen between rat and mouse. Amoung GST subunits, Ya, Yb1 and partially Yb2 were induced by Glu-DDTC as conjugated by western blotting. The levels Yp, Yk and Yc subunits were not affected by Glu-DDTC treatment. Therefore the enhanced activity of GST toward CDNB and DCNB might be due to the induction of Ya, Ybl and partially Yb2 subunits. In conclusion, Glu-DDTC selectively inhibited P45O 1A2 and P450 2El activities whereas it enhanced Ya, Ybl subunits and partially Yb2 subunits of GST and the antimutagenic activity of this compound might be attributed from the modulation of these enzyme activities in animals.