• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 2019

Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh is a marine brown algae widely distributed in the North Pacific Ocean. It is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-atopic effects. In this study, we determined the effects of ethanol extract of Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh (EESH) on anti-obesity activities in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our results indicated that treatment with EESH decreased the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet content observed by oil red O staining. The concentrations of cellular triglycerides were also reduced in 3T3-L1 cells after treatment with EESH. Triglyceride content was inhibited by 13%, 16%, and 23% after treatment with 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ of EESH in 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that EESH suppressed adipogenic transcription factor expression in a dose dependent manner. Specifically, it suppressed cytidine-cytidine-adinosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT) /enhancer binding proteins $(C/EBP){\alpha}$, $C/EBP{\beta}$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$. This indicated that EESH could control the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and inhibit the differentiation of adipocytes. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that EESH showed anti-obesity effects and could have potential uses in the field of nutraceuticals.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.369-378
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• 2023

Smilax sieboldii is one of the Smilax species. A number of Smilax plants have multiple physiologically-active components and anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects. Antiobesity effects induced by Smilax sieboldii have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of anti-obesity activity of 70% ethanol Smilax sieboldii extract (SSE). The anti-obesity effect of SSE was determined using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We confirmed that SSE was not cytotoxic to murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, we evaluated SSE dose-dependently decreased the accumulation of lipids via an Oil Red O assay and triglyceride assay. These anti-obesity activities of SSE were mediated by the inhibition of adipogenesis-related marker genes (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α, and SREBP1c) and lipogenesis-related marker genes (fatty acid synthase and aP2). These results suggest that SSE has the potential to exert anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia effects by regulating adipogenic transcription factors and inhibiting the expression of adipogenic markers.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.439-444
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented soybean (FS) extract on adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation using cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with FS and nonfermented soybean (NFS) extract during differentiation for 10 days in vitro. Oil red O staining was performed and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity was measured for analysis of fat accumulation. Expressions of adipogenic genes were measured. RESULTS: Soluble extract of soybean fermented with Aspergillus oryzae GB107 contained higher levels of low-molecular-weight protein than conventional soybean protein did. FS extract ($50{\mu}g/ml$) inhibited adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes for 10 days in vitro. Significantly lower GPDH activity was observed in differentiated adipocytes treated with the FS extract than those treated with NFS extract. Treatment with FS extract resulted in decreased expression levels of leptin, adiponectin, and adipogenin genes, which are associated with adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first to demonstrate that the water-soluble extract from FS inhibits fat accumulation and lipid storage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus, the soybean extract fermented with A. oryzae GB107 could be used to control lipid accumulation in adipocytes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.649-660
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• 2020

This paper proves a new regularity criterion for solutions to the Cauchy problem of the 3D Boussinesq equations via one directional derivative of the horizontal component of the velocity field (i.e., (∂_iu₁; ∂_ju₂; 0) where i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}) in the framework of the anisotropic Lebesgue spaces. More precisely, for 0 < T < ∞, if $$\large{\normalsize\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_o}^T}({\HUGE\left\|{\small{\parallel}{\partial}_iu_1(t){\parallel}_{L^{\alpha}_{x_i}}}\right\|}{\small^{\gamma}_{L^{\beta}_{x_{\hat{i}}x_{\bar{i}}}}+}{\HUGE\left\|{\small{\parallel}{\partial}_iu_2(t){\parallel}_{L^{\alpha}_{x_j}}}\right\|}{\small^{\gamma}_{L^{\beta}_{x_{\hat{i}}x_{\bar{i}}}}})dt<{{\infty}},$$ where ${\frac{2}{{\gamma}}}+{\frac{1}{{\alpha}}}+{\frac{2}{{\beta}}}=m{\in}[1,{\frac{3}{2}})$ and ${\frac{3}{m}}{\leq}{\alpha}{\leq}{\beta}<{\frac{1}{m-1}}$, then the corresponding solution (u, θ) to the 3D Boussinesq equations is regular on [0, T]. Here, (i, ${\hat{i}}$, ${\tilde{i}}$) and (j, ${\hat{j}}$, ${\tilde{j}}$) belong to the permutation group on the set 𝕊₃ := {1, 2, 3}. This result reveals that the horizontal component of the velocity field plays a dominant role in regularity theory of the Boussinesq equations.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding induced molting on the visceral organs and blood component profile in laying hens and designed to test 400 flocks of 60 week old Leghorn laying hens for 34 weeks. A total of four molting treatment methods by including the molted with customary molting by fasting method (c), feeding single diet of corn (T1), feeding single diet of wheat bran (T2) and feeding single diet of alfalfa meal (T3) were tested, and each treatment was repeated for 5 times, and 20 laying hens were randomly assigned in an cage for each repeat. As the result of the experiment, ovary was $2.03{\sim}6%$ and oviduct was $2.51{\sim}3.47%$ in visceral organs for body weight at pre-molting term, but there was no significant difference. At post-molting, no significant difference was found, ovary was $0.25{\sim}0.41%$, uterus of control, T1, T2 and T3 was 1.12%, 0.82%, 0.48% and 0.90%, respectively. T2 was significantly lower than control, T3 (p<0.05) at the 50% of egg production. Ovary was $2.20{\sim}2.60%$ and oviduct was $2.98{\sim}3.45%$. In addition, ovary was $2.65{\sim}3.01%$, oviduct was $3.23{\sim}3.64%$ at the peak egg production, but there was no significant difference by non-feeding and feeding molting treatments. In blood component profile, cholesterol was $179.8{\sim}245.7\;mg/dL$ at pre-molting, but there was no significant difference and at post-molting, concentration of cholestrol in control, T1, T2 and T3 was 353.6, 229.1, 261.8 and 300.6 mg/dL, respectively. T1 was significantly lower than control and T3 (p<0.05). In addition, first laying day was $228.1{\sim}271.8\;mg/dL$, 50% of egg production was $236.5{\sim}284.8\;mg/dL$, there was no significant difference. Concentration of cholestrol in control, T1, T2 and T3 was 324.1, 591.6, 363.0 and 315.6 mg/dL, respectively, at the peak egg production period. T1 was significantly higher than other treatment (p<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.505-514
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• 2014

To examine the anti-obese activity of miscellaneous cereal grains, 80% ethanol extracts from eight selected miscellaneous cereal grains were compared for their cytotoxic effects on 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. The ethanol extract of proso millet exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. Further fractionation of the ethanol extract with methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol showed that the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract was mainly partitioned into the butanol fraction. As compared with differentiated mature adipocytes, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were more susceptible to the cyctotoxicity of the butanol fraction. When each organic solvent fraction (25 ${\mu}g/ml$) was added during the differentiation period for 6 days, the cell viability was not affected significantly except for the butanol fraction, but the intracellular lipid accumulation declined to a level of 81.5%~50.3% of the control. The Oil Red O staining data also demonstrated that the ethanol extract as well as the butanol fraction could inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. The presence of the butanol extract during the induced adipocytic differentiation also resulted in a significant reduction in the expression levels of critical adipogenesis mediators $(C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, and LPL) to a barely detectable or undetectable level and the cells retained the fibroblast-like morphology of 3T3-L1. In 3T3-L1 cells, the cytotoxicity of the butanol fraction (50-100 ${\mu}g/ml$) was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\psi}m$) loss, caspase-3 activation, and PARP degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that proso millet grains possess pro-apoptotic and anti-adipocytic activities toward adipocytes, which can be applicable to prevention of obesity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.402-402
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 사과재배지에서 발생하는 비점오염물질 유출 및 수질특성을 살펴보고자 2014년 5월부터 9월까지의 총 15회의 강우사상에 대해 유출특성을 분석하고 오염물질별 유량가중평균농도(Event Mean Concentration, EMC) 및 오염부하를 산정하였다. 모니터링 기간동안 3.2~80.3 mm의 강우가 발생하였으며, 조사된 총 15회의 event 중 3회 유출이 발생하였다. 강우강도는 0.39~4.46 mm/hr의 범위로 나타났으며, 선행무강우일수는 0.3~20.1일, 총 유출량은 $2.7{\sim}100.8m^3$, 유출율은 0.02~0.3의 범위로 나타났다. 강우모니터링 결과, EMC는 TOC 7.1~18.7 mg/L(평균 12.0 mg/L), BOD 4.3~7.8 mg/L(평균 5.9 mg/L), COD 16.9~30.2 mg/L(평균 22.3 mg/L), SS 35.6~738.1 mg/L(평균 293.1 mg/L), T-N 2.342~11.043 mg/L(평균 6.563 mg/L) 그리고 T-P 1.563~2.563 mg/L(평균 1.961 mg/L)의 범위로 나타났으며, 각 강우사상에 대한 단위면적당 오염부하는 TOC 0.12~2.4 kg/ha, $BOD_5$ 0.03~1.0kg/ha, $COD_{Mn}$ 0.12~7.1 kg/ha, SS 0.34~173 kg/ha, T-N 0.068~1.478 kg/ha, T-P 0.011~0.601 kg/ha의 범위로 산정되었다. 사과재배지의 경우 대부분 투수지역으로 강우 초기에 지하로 침투하는 양이 많기 때문에 초기세척효과는 크게 발생하지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 대체적으로 30 mm 이하의 강우에서는 유출이 발생하지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 하지만, 사과재배지에서 발생하는 비점오염물질의 유출특성은 기상조건 및 영농활동 조건등에 따라 상이하게 나타나기 때문에 강우시 비점오염원 유출특성을 보다 정량적으로 파악하기 위해서는 체계적이고 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.186-196
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• 2023

Dyglomera^® is an aqueous ethanol extract derived from the fruit and pods of Dichrostachys glomerata. A previous study has revealed that Dyglomera regulates adipogenesis and lipolysis by modulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and increased expression levels of lipolysis-related proteins in white adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced mice and 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. To further investigate mechanisms of Dyglomera, additional studies were performed using 3T3-L1 cells. Results revealed that Dyglomera downregulated adipogenesis by inhibiting the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and reconfirmed that it downregulated gene expression levels of proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, CCAAT enhancer binding protein α, sterol-regulation element-binding protein-1c. Dyglomera also reduced adipokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin 6 by regulating leptin expression. Moreover, Dyglomera promoted beige-and-brown adipocyte-related phenotypes and regulated metabolism by increasing mitochondrial number and expression levels of genes such as T-box protein 1, transmembrane protein 26, PR domain 16, and cluster of differentiation 40 as well as thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein 1, proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α, Sirtuin 1, and PPARα through AMPK activation. Thus, Dyglomera not only can inhibit adipogenesis, but also can promote lipolysis and thermogenesis and regulate metabolism by affecting adipokine secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2007

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces fat deposition in several mammalian species. The proposed mechanisms for this effect are reduced preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of diglyceride (DG), CLA, DG-CLA of proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Cell viability was determined using WST-8 analysis and cell differentiation was determined by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity. Lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was measured by Oil red O staining. The proliferation of preconfluent 3T3-L1 cells by treatments of DG, CLA, and DG-CLA was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. CLA among them was the most effective in reduction of viable cells with increasing concentrations. Treatments of the DG, CLA, and DG-CLA at the concentration of $100{\cdot}\ddot{I}g/ml$ for 48h significantly inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells (p<0.05). In addition. cytoplasmic lipid accumulation during differentiation of the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was also inhibited by treatments of the test solutions. DG-CLA was the most effective in the inhibition of differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. These results indicate that the DG including CLA as fatty acids is more effective for anti-obesity than DG or CLA alone and that consumption of DG-CLA as a dietary oil may give a benefit for controlling overweight in humans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.448-458
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• 2021

Purpose: Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit is widely grown in Asia and consumed as fresh fruit, jam, and juices. The fruit has beneficial health effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, and anti-obesity properties. However, the mechanisms by which mulberry fruit juice powder (MJ) regulates inflammatory microRNAs (miRs) are not yet known. This study investigated the effect of mulberry fruit juice powder on the regulation of inflammation and miR-132/143 during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Methods: The 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate for 2 days and then treated with various concentrations of MJ for 7 days. Cytotoxicity was determined by evaluating cell viability using a water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8 assay kit. Intracellular lipid accumulation was evaluated by oil-red O staining. The levels of the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and inflammation, and miR-132/143 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. Results: MJ showed no cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 adipocytes at concentrations below 100 ng/mL. Intracellular lipid accumulation was reduced by MJ treatment at concentrations of 100 ng/mL. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of proliferator-activated receptor-γ, cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine/enhancer-binding protein-α, and adipocyte protein 2, which are involved in adipogenesis, were suppressed by MJ. A reduction was also seen in mRNA levels of genes related to the inflammatory response, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The expression of the inflammatory miR-132 and miR-143 was also decreased by MJ. Conclusion: These results suggest that MJ may suppress adipogenesis and inflammation through the regulation of miR-132/143 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus, MJ may be useful as a food agent that prevents obesity-associated inflammation.