• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was radiographic analysis of the morphology of maxillary sinus in adolescents and adults. In order to analize the morphology of maxillary sinus in view point of anteroposterior width of medial wall, vertical distance between antral floor and nasal floor level, anterior extension, distance between antral floor and maxillary 1st molar apex, and types of lower border of maxillary sinus, specialized maxillary projection and periapical view with paralleling technique was taken. The author examined orthopantomograms and intraoral standard views taken from 400 adolescents and adults ranged 15-65 year-old. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The antero-posterior width of medial wall of maxillary sinus was 32.80mm in 15-19 year-old group, 33.86㎜ in 20-24 year-old group, 34.09㎜ in 25-29 year-old group, and 33.67㎜ in 30-65 year-old group, and the left maxillary sinus was somewhat smaller than the right. 2. The vertical distance between antral floor and nasal floor level was 8.49㎜ in 15-19 year-old group, 9.05㎜ in 20-24 year-old group, 8.95㎜ in 25-29 year-old group, and 8.32㎜ in 30-65 year-old group. 3. The order of anterior extension of maxillary sinus were distal half of canine, mesial half of canine, mesial half of 1st premolar, and distal half of 1st premolar. 4. The distance between antral floor and maxillary 1st molar were 4.36㎜ in 15-19 year-old group, 4.77㎜ in 20-24 year-old group, 3.58㎜ in 25-29 year-old group, and 2.33㎜ in 30-65 year-old group. 5. The order of the types of lower border of maxillary sinus were entire downward type, close type, partially downward type, waving type, separating type, and indistinct. In the types of antral floor, there was a tendency to increase the seperating type with age.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.360-370
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• 2019

Woody crops cultivated in short-rotation coppices are attractive sources of lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production, since they are some of the most abundant renewable resources. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the growth period on bioethanol production using short-rotation woody crops (Populus nigra ${\times}$ Populus maxiwiczii, Populus euramericana, Populus alba ${\times}$ Populus glandulosa, and Salix alba). The carbohydrate contents of 3-year-old and 12-year-old short-rotation woody crop branches were 62.1-68.5% and 64.0-67.1%, respectively. The chemical compositions of 3-year-old and 12-year-old short-rotation woody crop branches did not vary significantly depending upon the growth period. However, the 3-year-old short-rotation woody crop branches (glucose conversion: 26-40%) were hydrolyzed more easily than their 12-year-old counterparts (glucose conversion: 19-24%). Furthermore, following the fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates from the crop branch samples (by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7296) to ethanol, the ethanol concentration of short rotation coppice woody crops was found to be higher in the 3-year-old branch samples (~ 0.18 g/g dry matter) than in the 12-year-old branch samples (~ 0.14 g/g dry matter). These results suggest that immature wood (3-year-old branches) from short-rotation woody crops could be a promising feedstock for bioethanol production.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 1997

Platycodon root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. The three-year-old and the 24-year-old Platycodon roots cultivated in a local farm were analysed and compared with their pharmaceutical substances to identify the major components. Reverse column HPLC analysis of ethanol extracts from the 24-year-old roots showed some distintive peaks after the retention time of 50 min which were absent in the extracts from the three-year-old roots. This indicates that several pharmaceutical substances are present in the older roots. There were no differences in sterol composition and saponin content between the 24-year and three-year-old roots. The 15-year-old and the 23-year-old Platycodon roots, the 6-year-old Ginseng root, and the three-year-old Condonopsis root all did not show significant anticomplement activity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.281-284
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• 2007

The objective of this research is to provide basic information necessary to differentiate between ginseng (Panax ginseng) grown in woods environments and cultivated ginseng. The ginseng saponin (ginsenoside) contents of Korean woods-grown, 4 year-old cultivated, and 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs were determined via HPLC analysis. The total saponins in the woods-grown ginseng (0.648%) were approximately twice that of the 4 year-old cultivated (0.270%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (0.280%). The protopanaxadiols (PD)/protopanaxatriols (PT) ratio of the woods-grown ginseng (3.258%) was higher than that of the 4 year-old cultivated (2.456%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (2.183%). The $Rb_1/Rg_1$ ratio of the woods-grown ginseng (10.225%) was also higher than those of the 4 year-old cultivated (3.514%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (4.865%).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1977

The productive structure and the productivity of ${\times}$Populus albaglandulosa plantations, where are middle parts of the Korean peninsula, were studied by means of stratifying clip technique and of allometry. The densities of stands in the sample areas were 693 trees/ha in 6 year-old plantation and 527 or 625 trees/ha in 9 year-old one. The photosynthetic part of the productive structure was not shown normal conical form but layering. So this was efficient to transmit solar radiation into the stand floor. The standing crop of the terrestrial parts of 6 year-old plantation was 18.11 ton/ha and that of 9 year-old one 38.8 to 47.3 ton/ha. The wood volume to trunk to 6 year-old was $31.3m^3/ha$ and that of 9 year-old was 68.8 to $83.9m^3/ha$. The annual net production of 6 year-old plantation was 4.8 ton/ha/year and that of 9 year-old one was 10.0 to 11.7 ton/ha/year and its wood volume of trunks was 17.9 to $21.1m^3/ha/year$. In the 9 year-old plantation the standing crop or the annual net production was different between two sample areas. This seemed that the cause was not due to chemical character but to physical character of soil.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate young children's nonsymbolic magnitude comparison ability according to ratio limit and task condition. Methods: The participants included 40 3-year-old children, 42 4-year-old children, and 41 5-year-old children recruited from 4 childcare centers located in Seoul, Korea. All magnitude comparison tasks were composed of image material tasks and concrete material tasks. In addition, each magnitude comparison task varied with the ratio of the two quantities; 0.5 ratio, 0.67 ratio, 0.75 ratio. Results and Conclusion: The results revealed that 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children could perform nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks without learning experiences. Also, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children could perform concrete material tasks better than image material tasks in nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks. Furthermore, children's performance on nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks indicated the ratio signature of the approximate number system. Children have a degree of numerical capacity prior to formal mathematics instruction. Also, children were influenced by task conditions or sense stimulus when they processed numerical information. Furthermore, the approximate number system can be used in understanding the ordinality of number.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between children's private speech during the individual session and maternal scaffolding during mother-child session. Subjects were twenty 3-year-old children and twenty 5-year-old children and their mothers recruited from day-care centers in Seoul. Mother-child interaction was videotaped for 15 minutes and maternal utterances were transcribed for analysis maternal scaffolding. Individual session of child after 3-5days was videotaped for 15 minutes and children's utterance was transcribed. Subcategories of maternal scaffolding were significantly related with children's private speech during individual session. There did appear to be an age difference in this relationship. In verbal strategy for scaffolding that 3-year-old's mother used, other-regulation and control, praise strategy was significantly related with children's private speech. In verbal strategy for scaffolding that 5-year-old's mother used, other-regulation and control, teaching strategy was significantly related with children's private speech. In maternal physical control strategy, withdrawal of mother physical control the maze task over time was significantly related with children's private speech. Withdrawal of mother physical control 5-year-old's physical performance was significantly related with children's private speech.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2021

Four patients with shoulder problems that were traumatic in etiology presented to us with delays in seeking care ranging from 6 to 12 weeks due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. The care of three cases (a 3-month-old neglected anterior shoulder dislocation with a greater tuberosity fracture in a 30-year old man, a 3-month-old neglected anterior shoulder dislocation in a 17-year old boy, and a 2-month-old neglected greater tuberosity fracture in a 31-year old man) was delayed due to the lockdown and the ensuing travel restrictions, while that of one case (a 6-week-old fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus in a 55-year-old woman) was delayed because the patient was undergoing treatment for COVID-19 at the time of injury. This report intends to present the exceptional circumstances around these cases. The unique treatment challenges and their outcomes are also described to advise the surgeons of the nuances and difficulties in treating these injuries.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1987

The phase and times on the development of dormancy bud in seedling, and those of flower organs in 2-year-old ginseng are different to those of over 2-,3-year-old plant, respectively. The growing aspects of dormancy bud in seedling were investigated from rooting stage (April, 8) to Mid-June, and those of flower organs in 2-year-old plant had done once in two days late in April after compound leaves were unfolded. Firstly, the formation of dormancy bud in seedling was begun on Mid-late in March. This is early about one month compare with those of over 2-year-old plant. Fine bud in seedling was formed between cotyledons, at W spot under young shoot. Secondly, development of flower organs in 2-year-old plant was completed from late of April to early of May after compound leaves of transplanted plant were unfolded. In tare, this is very different characteristics because plants of any other ages form the flower organs one year ago. Thirdly, flower organs of ginseng plant, over 3-year-old plant, always develop in the rhizome formed one year ago, but those of 2-year-old plant develop in apical shoot meristem.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1973

For purpose of understanding of women worker's nutritional status in Korea, the author had studied oil 668 workers who are working in textile industry, chemical industry, manufacture of electrical machinery and supplies, manufacture of rubber and transportation (bus-guider). Skin-fold caliper was applicated and measured five positions. As a results of this study the following conclusions were obtained; 1. The mean skin-fold thickness were; arm: $$9.08{\pm}3.40\;mm\;(7.23{\sim}10.50\;mm)$$ back: $$16.23{\pm}5.25\;mm\;(13.18{\sim}17.20\;mm)$$ waist : $$17.86{\pm}5.82\;mm\;(13.27{\sim}19.31\;mm)$$ abdomen : $$15.45{\pm}5.04\;mm\;(10.82{\sim}16.43\;mm)$$ knee: $$13.49{\pm}4.16\;mm\;(10.80{\sim}14.04\;mm)$$ The lowest mean skin-fold thickness by age was $12.26{\pm}3.50\;mm$ at 16 year-old and the highest mean skin-fold thickness was $14.57{\pm}5.55\;mm$ at 19 yesr-old respectively. 2. Fat amounts The lowest body fat weight was 10.77 kg at 16 year-old and the highest was 12.09kg at 19 year-old, respectively. The mean body fat weight was 11.76 kg. The lowest %Fat was 20.67% at 26 year-old, the highest was 23.89% at 18 year-old and the average was 22.76%, respectively. The mean FFW was 39.94 kg and the lowest was 37.91 kg at 17 year-old, the highest was 41.64 kg at 27 year-old. The ratio of fat weight and total body mass (FW/TBM) were 21.04% at 27 year-old 23.75% at 19 year-old and average was 22.75%, respectively. The ratio of fat free weight and total body mass (FFW/TBM) were 76.25% at 19 year-old and 78.96% at 27 year-old, respectively. The average was 77.25%. The ratio of fat weight and fat free weight (FW/FFW) were 27.31% at 27 year-old and 31.15% at 19 year-old. The average was 29.44%.