• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2002

This paper describes a new identification method for friction in motion control systems, in which the friction model is not necessarily linear in parameters. The proposed method works well with any measurement data of velocity and input control force, as long as the initial and final velocities are identical. Most importantly, the proposed method does not require the information of acceleration for its implementation, in contrast with the previously known methods. This is due to the orthogonality property between acceleration and a function of velocity. In particular, if the parametric model is linear in parameters, its friction parameters can be identified in closed form without resorting to numerical search methods. To illuminate further the generality and practicality of the proposed friction identification method, we show good performance of the proposed method through some simulation results.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.459-472
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• 2020

This study focused on the non-synoptic, tornado-like wind-induced effects on flexible horizontal structures that are extremely sensitive to winds. More specifically, the nonuniform, intensive vertical wind-velocity and transient natures of tornado events and their effects on the global behavior of a long-span bridge were investigated. In addition to the static part in the modeling of tornado-like wind-induced loads, the motion-induced effects were modeled using the semi-empirical model with a two-dimensional (2-D) indicial response function. Both nonlinear wind-induced static analysis and linear aeroelastic analysis in the time domain were conducted based on a 3-D finite-element model to investigate the bridge performance under the most unfavorable tornado pattern considering wind-structure interactions. The results from the present study highlighted the important effects due to abovementioned tornado natures (i.e., nonuniform, intensive vertical wind-velocity and transient features) on the long-span bridge, and hence may facilitate more appropriate wind design of flexible horizontal structures in the tornado-prone areas.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2009

The flow in the draft tube cone of Francis turbines operated at partial discharge is a complex hydrodynamic phenomenon where an incoming steady axisymmetric swirling flow evolves into a three-dimensional unsteady flow field with precessing helical vortex (also called vortex rope) and associated pressure fluctuations. The paper addresses the following fundamental question: is it possible to compute the circumferentially averaged flow field induced by the precessing vortex rope by using an axisymmetric turbulent swirling flow model? In other words, instead of averaging the measured or computed 3D velocity and pressure fields we would like to solve directly the circumferentially averaged governing equations. As a result, one could use a 2D axi-symmetric model instead of the full 3D flow simulation, with huge savings in both computing time and resources. In order to answer this question we first compute the axisymmetric turbulent swirling flow using available solvers by introducing a stagnant region model (SRM), essentially enforcing a unidirectional circumferentially averaged meridian flow as suggested by the experimental data. Numerical results obtained with both models are compared against measured axial and circumferential velocity profiles, as well as for the vortex rope location. Although the circumferentially averaged flow field cannot capture the unsteadiness of the 3D flow, it can be reliably used for further stability analysis, as well as for assessing and optimizing various techniques to stabilize the swirling flow. In particular, the methodology presented and validated in this paper is particularly useful in optimizing the blade design in order to reduce the stagnant region extent, thus mitigating the vortex rope and expending the operating range for Francis turbines.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

셰일가스 개발 과정에서 수압 파쇄에 의해 발생하는 미소지진의 진원 분포는 균열대의 특성을 파악하는 데 필요한 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 가상의 진원에 대하여 부정확한 속도 구조 모델이 선형 역산법을 이용한 진원 결정 프로그램인 hypoellipse와 hypoDD의 결과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지에 대해서 알아보았다. 총 98개의 가상 관측소를 반경 4 km의 원내에 배치하였고, 25개의 지진들이 판상으로 분포한 가상 지진 세트를 관측망의 중심부에서부터 남쪽으로 1 km 간격으로 5곳에 배치하였다(S0 ~ S4). 역산 결과의 정확성을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 진원들의 평균 위치의 차이를 의미하는 $d_1$, 가정한 진원에 대한 면적비 r, 근사 평면과 실제 평면의 경사 차이 ${\theta}$, 근사 평면과 실제 평면의 주향 차이 ${\phi}$, 근사 평면으로부터 진원들이 떨어진 거리의 제곱평균제곱근 $d_2$, 평면상에서의 진원들의 패턴의 정확성 $d_3$의 6가지 파라미터를 정의하였다. 층상 구조를 가정한 기준 속도 구조를 만들어 합성 주시자료를 계산하였으며, 속도 구조의 부정확성을 고려하기 위하여 진원 역산에 사용한 속도 구조 모델은 각 층의 기준 속도를 중심으로 0.1 km/s, 0.2 km/s, 및 0.3 km/s의 표준편차를 가지는 정규분포를 이용하여 구성하였다. 속도의 부정확성에 비례하여 오차가 커지는 파라미터에는 $d_1$, r, ${\theta}$, 및 $d_3$가 있으며, 나머지 두 파라미터는 S4의 경우를 제외하면 속도 부정확성의 정도와 관계없이 일정한 오차를 보여준다. S0, S1, S2, S3의 경우, hypoellipse와 hypoDD 모두 비슷한 $d_1$ 값을 나타낸다. 하지만 다른 파라미터의 경우 hypoDD가 훨씬 나은 결과를 보여주며, 진원의 상대적 오차는 속도 구조의 부정확도와 관계없이 수 미터 이하이다. 수압 파쇄의 부피 양상을 알기 위한 목적으로 상대적 진원 위치 부정확성을 수 미터 이내로 제한시키기 위해서 hypoellipse에서는 0.2 km/s 이내의 속도 오차의 표준편차를 가져야하며, hypoDD에서는 속도 오차의 표준편차 값이 0.3 km/s일 때에도 상대적 진원 위치 오차를 수 미터 이내로 제한시킬 수 있다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2017

This study applied risk indexes to the disaster flow event occurred at Mt. Umyeon region in 2011. A 2D hydrodynamic model was employed to calculate flow characteristics, and the model was validated against two dam break flow problems conducted by Bellos and EU CADAM project. The model performance was shown to be satisfactory. In order to determine which index is more appropriate to assess the vulnerability of debris flow, 3 risk indexes (FII, FHR and VDI) were considered. It was found that VDI, which determines the risk level only by the velocity factor, consistently predicted the risk level corresponding to 6 because the velocity range was widely organized. However, in the case of FII and FHR, the risk was reasonably quantified due to combined consideration of significant factors of flow velocity and debris thickness. Therefore, FII and FHR are expected to be more accurate than VDI. However, two indexes still need to be improved to include major factors such as debris density or material properties.

• 에너지공학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.166-177
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• 2002

본 연구는 화염안정을 위해 약간의 메탄을 첨가한 1차원, Hat, 예혼합, 층류 석탄-공기 화염구조에 관한 연구로서 반응영역을 늘리기 위해 0.3 atm에서 운전되는 저압버너를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 가스 온도, 주요가스의 농도, 샘플된 촤의 분석과 화염속도에 대하여 여러 모델들의 해석결과를 실험결과와 서로 비교하였다. 여러 모델중 촤 표면적 지수(S=4)와 휘발성분에 대해 각각의 탈휘발화 속도상수를 적용한 model II $I^{*}$ -d가 실험치와 비교적 일치함을 보여주었다. 샘플된 촤의 분석 결과 입자의 반응이 낮게 예측되어져 촤 표면적지수를 증가시켜야만 했다. 이 지수는 촤의 반응 표면적에 대한 민감도 분석으로부터 얻어진 결과였고 model II $I^{*}$ -d의 화염속도 해석결과는 대부분의 측정치에 근접한 결과를 보여주고 있다. 고체 입자 직경은 열적 지연과 반응표면적을 통하여 탈휘발화율과 촤 산화에 큰 영향을 주며 이는 곧 화염속도에 영향을 주고 있음을 보여주었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.396-405
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• 1995

Numerical calculations are carried out for the swirling turbulent flow in a pipe. Calculations are made for the flow with swirl parameter of 2.25 and the Reynolds number of 24,300. The turbulence closure models used in these calculations are two different types of Reynolds stress model, and the results are compared with those of $k-{\varepsilon}$ model and the experimental data. The finite volume method is used for the discretization, and the power-law scheme is employed as a numerical scheme. The SIMPLE algorithm is used for velocity-pressure correction. The computational results show that GL model gives the results better than those of SSG model in the predictions of velocity and stress components.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.642-653
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a 3-D finite element (FE) analysis model with combined physical behavior and kinematical impact factors for evaluation of residual stress in multi-impact shot peening. The FE model considers both physical behavior of material and characteristics of kinematical impact. The physical parameters include elastic-plastic FE modeling of shot ball, material damping coefficient, dynamic friction coefficient. The kinematical parameters include impact velocity and diameter of shot ball. Multi-impact FE model consists of 3-D symmetry-cell. We can describe a certain repeated area of peened specimen under equibiaxial residual stress by the cell. With the cell model, we investigate the FE peening coverage, dependency on the impact sequence, effect of repeated cycle. The proposed FE model provides converged and unique solution of surface stress, maximum compressive residual stress and deformation depth at four impact positions. Further, in contrast to the rigid and elastic shots, plastically deformable shot produces residual stresses closer to experimental solutions by X-ray diffraction. Consequently, it is confirmed that the FE model with peening factors and plastic shot is valid for multi-shot peening analyses.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2015

This study investigated the accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in terms of reflecting the actual vascular length. Three-dimensional time of flight (3D TOF) MRA, 3D contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA, volume-rendering after CTA and maximum intensity projection were investigated using a flow model phantom with a diameter of 2.11 mm and area of $0.26cm^2$. 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla devices were used for 3D TOF MRA and 3D CE MRA. CTA was investigated using 16 and 64 channel CT scanners, and the images were transmitted and reconstructed by volume-rendering and maximum intensity projection, followed by conduit length measurement as described above. The smallest 3D TOF MRA measure was $2.51{\pm}0.12mm$ with a flow velocity of 40 cm/s using the 3.0 Tesla apparatus, and $2.57{\pm}0.07mm$ with a velocity of 71.5 cm/s using the 1.5 Tesla apparatus; both images were magnified from the actual measurement of 2.11 mm. The measurement with the 16 channel CT scanner was smaller ($3.83{\pm}0.37mm$) than the reconstructed image on maximum intensity projection. The images from CTA from examination apparatus and reconstruction technique were all larger than the actual measurement.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2022

This research work presents an experimental study's outcomes to reveal the impact of an O-ring on the flow control over a sphere placed in a turbulent boundary layer. The investigation is performed quantitatively and qualitatively using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and dye visualization. The sphere model having a diamater of 42.5 mm is located in a turbulent boundary layer flow over a smooth plate for gap ratios of 0≤G/D≤1.5 at Reynolds number of 5 × 10³. Flow characteristics, including patterns of instantaneous vorticity, streaklines, time-averaged streamlines, velocity vectors, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress correlations, and turbulence kinetic energy (), are compared and discussed for a naked sphere and spheres having O-rings. The boundary layer velocity gradient and proximity of the sphere to the flat plate profoundly influence the flow dynamics. At proximity ratios of G/D=0.1 and 0.25, a wall jet is formed between lower side of the sphere and flat plate, and velocity fluctuations increase in regions close to the wall. At G/D=0.25, the jet flow also induces local flow separations on the flat plate. At higher proximity ratios, the velocity gradient of the boundary layer causes asymmetries in the mean flow characteristics and turbulence values in the wake region. It is observed that the O-ring with various placement angles (𝜃) on the sphere has a considerable alteration in the flow structure and turbulence statistics on the wake. At lower placement angles, where the O-ring is closer to the forward stagnation point of the sphere, the flow control performance of the O-ring is limited; however, its impact on the flow separation becomes pronounced as it is moved away from the forward stagnation point. At G/D=1.50 for O-ring diameters of 4.7 (2 mm) and 7 (3 mm) percent of the sphere diameter, the -ring exhibits remarkable flow control at 𝜃=50° and 𝜃=55° before laminar flow separation occurrence on the sphere surface, respectively. This conclusion is yielded from narrowed wakes and reductions in turbulence statistics compared to the naked sphere model. The O-ring with a diameter of 3 mm and placement angle of 50° exhibits the most effective flow control. It decreases, in sequence, streamwise velocity fluctuations and length of wake recovery region by 45% and 40%, respectively, which can be evaluated as source of decrement in drag force.