• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2005

The study is to examine how facial EMG responses change when children experience a positive emotion(happiness) and a negative emotion(fear). It is to prove that the positive emotion(happiness) could be distinguishable from the negative emotion(fear) by the EMG responses. Audiovisual film clips were used for evoking the positive emotion(happiness) and the negative emotion(fear). 47 children (11-13 years old, 23 boys and 24 girls) participated in the study Facial EMG (right corrugator and orbicularis oris) was measured while children were experiencing the positive or negative emotion. Emotional assessment scale was used for measuring children's psychological responses. It showed more than $85\%$ appropriateness and 3.15, 4.04 effectiveness (5 scale) for happiness and fear, respectively. Facial EMG responses were significantly different between a resting state and a emotional state both in happiness and in fear (p<001). Result suggests that each emotion was distinguishable by corrugator and orbicularis oris responses. Specifically, corrugator was more activated in the positive emotion(happiness) than in the negative emotion(fear), whereas orbicularis oris was more activated in the negative emotion(fear) than in the positive emotion(fear).

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

LED technology offers versatile lighting control while having a very low environmental impact. Consequently, increasing attention is being paid to the emotional impact of LED lighting. This study investigated whether the chromacity of LED lighting influences people's time perception. To this end, two empirical studies were conducted: First, in experiment I(N=28), the subjects compared their perception of the time duration, which was varied from 3s to 20s, for 6 chromatically nuanced lighting conditions, respectively, with that under a daylight condition. The results showed that, in warm-color nuanced lighting conditions, the subjects perceived time to pass more slowly than in the daylight condition. On the contrary, in cool-color nuanced lighting conditions, the subjects perceived time to pass more rapidly than in the daylight condition. Then, in experiment II(N=39), the subjects were asked to count for 90 seconds while simultaneously performing some cognitive tasks. Confirming the results found in experiment I, the subjects perceived time to pass more rapidly in cool-color nuanced lighting conditions than in warm-color nuanced lighting conditions, although the difference was not statistically significant(p>0.05). In addition, the subjects tended to perceive the time to be shorter when the nuanced color of the light was closer to their preferred color.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1990

1959년 한국원자력연구소가 창립됨과 동시에 &Health Physics&, 즉 보건물리라고 하는 명칭과 조직이 탄생되어, 방사선안전관리의 실무와 보건물리의 연구가 시작되었다. 최초 10년간은 선진제국의 보건물리분야의 연구와 기술을 추적하여 우리나라의 방사선안전관리 기술의 기초를 다지는 시기로서 개인방사선모니터링기술, 환경방사선(능) 모니터링기술 및 방사선방어용계측기기의 교정기술 개발에 중점을 두고 연구개발이 추진되었으며, TRIGA Mark-II 연구용원자로의 가동에 따라 원자로 생체차폐체의 건전성 검증에 관한 유익한 방사선량 측정자료도 얻게 되었다. 즉 이 기간은 방사선안전관리의 체제정비 및 기초기술 확립에 노력한 기간이었다. 1970년대는 원자력 연구개발에 대한 기본방향과 정책의 변경등으로 보건물리 연구조직은 방사선안전관리, 환경연구 그리고 방사화학분야로 분산되었으며, 그로인하여 연구개발활동은 거의 정체되어 겨우 방사선안전관리 실무만이 그 명맥을 유지하였다. 그 결과 우리나라 방사선안전관리 및 그와 관련된 연구개발의 기반이 흔들리게 되었으나, 그러한 환경하에서도 방사선량측정평가기술, 방사선차폐설계기술 및 원자로사고시 피폭선량평가기술의 선진화에 필요한 지식을 얻었으며, 방사선 안전관리에 유익한 실무경험도 축적하게 되었다. 1980년대는 통합된 원자력 연구개발체제의 구축으로 방사선작업종사자 및 일반공중의 피폭저감화 기술개발에 필요한 각종 최신기술을 도입하였고, 관리업무에 있어서도 측정의 정확도와 신뢰성향상 및 새로운 관리기술의 개발에 많은 노력을 한 결과, 유익한성과를 얻게된 기간이다. 특히, 이 기간은 방사선안전관리기술의 선진화를 위한 지식이 축적되어 90년대의 방사선안전관리기술자립화를 위한 전환기로서, 이와같이 축적된 기술은 원자력의 평화적 이용에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다.서 dithiothreitol를 투여한 군에서는 우라늄단독투여군에 비해 cretinine의 배설이 상당히 증가하였다(P<0.05). 6. 우라늄오염에 의한 신장의 소견에 있어 우라늄단독투여군은 근위곡세뇨관상피의 공포화 및 종창, microvilli와 brush border의 손실, 세뇨관 상피의 괴사가 관찰되었으며, 간장의 충혈, 중심성 괴사 및 모세관 확장증도 관찰되었다. 그리고 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 병행투여한 군과 우라늄을 투여하고 30분이 지나서 dithiothreitol를 투여한 군에서는 우라늄 단독투여군에 비해 높은 방호효과가 관찰되었으나 다른 실험군에서는 큰 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 우라늄의 체내오염시에는 sodium bicarbonate와 생리적 식염수를 가능한 빨리 병행투여하거나 dithiothreitol을 체내오염후 30분이 지나서 투여하는 방법이 우라늄오염에 대한 제염에 매우 유효할 것으로 생각되며, 특히 우라늄에 의한 인체장해를 유의하게 경감시켜줄 것으로 사료되었다.내의 어떤 부위와도 관계가 되는 것으로 간주되는데 이것이 $(^3H)$ QNB가 $(^3H)$ NMS보다 높은 최대 결합능력 $(B_{max})$을 나타낼 이유이다. (b) 두 종류의 다른 제제에서 우리는 같은 양상의 결과를 관찰하었기에 결점이 많은 homogenates 제제보다는 intact cell aggregates 제제를 수용체 연구에 대한 새로운 실험모형(experiment model)으로 사용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고자 한다.$가 38.8%로 가장 많고, 그 다음이 ${\ulcorner}$l9세(歲)이후${\lrcorner}$가 25.2%로서 전체

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and to use this data to develop prediction equations for estimating AA digestibility for growing pigs. Ten SFSM were collected from five provinces in China. Twelve barrows ($38.8{\pm}4.6kg$), fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into two $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs. Each of six experimental periods comprised a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The ten test diets contained 50% SFSM as the sole source of AA. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. There was considerable variation (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM in chemical composition (dry matter [DM]). The concentration of CP and ether extract (EE) ranged from 29.33% to 39.09% and 0.88% to 11.33%, respectively. Crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre ranged from 21.46% to 36.42%, 38.15% to 55.40%, and 24.59% to 37.34%, respectively. There was variation among the ten SFSM in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) for lysine and threonine, which ranged from 63.16 to 79.21 and 55.19% to 72.04% for AID and 67.03% to 82.07% and 61.97% to 77.01% for SID, respectively. The variation in CP and methionine ranged from 60.13% to 74.72% and 74.79% to 88.60% for AID and 66.70% to 79.31% and 77.16% to 90.27% for SID, respectively. Methionine was a good indicator to predict AA digestibility. These results indicate that conventional chemical composition of SFSM was variable (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM (DM). The results of AID, SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of SFSM in growing pigs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8657-8660
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• 2014

Background: Yanting is one of high risk areas for esophageal cancer and the screening program was therefore initiated there. This study was aimed to investigate the dietary behaviors on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), among the individuals with normal and abnormal esophagus mucosa. Materials and Methods: A frequency matched case-controls study was proposed to estimate the different distribution of dietary behavior between individuals of control, esophagitis and cancer groups. Cancer cases were selected from hospitals. Esophagitis cases and controls were selected from screening population for ESCC. Health workers collected data for 1 year prior to interview, in terms of length of finishing a meal, temperature of eaten food and interval between water boiling and drinking. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis tests and unconditional logistic regression model were used to estimate differences and associations between groups. Results: Compared with controls, length of finishing a meal ${\geq}15mins$ was related to a reduced OR for cancer (OR=0.46, 95%CI, 0.22-0.97) and even compared with cases of esophagitis, the OR of cancer was reduced to 0.30 (95%CI, 0.13-0.72). The OR for often eating food at a high temperature was 2.48 (95%CI 1.06, 5.82) for ESCC as compared with controls. Interval between water boiling and drinking of ${\geq}10mins$ was associated with lower risk of cancer: the OR was 0.18 compared with controls and 0.49 with esophagitis cases (p<0.05). Conclusions: Length of eating food ${\geq}15mins$ and interval between water boiling and drinking ${\geq}10mins$ are potentially related to reduced risk of esophageal SCC, compared with individuals with normal and abnormal esophageal mucosa. Recommendations to Yanting residents to change their dietary behaviors should be made in order to reduce cancer risk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1861-1864
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• 2016

Although early diagnosis of thyroid nodule type is very important, the diagnostic accuracy of standard tests is a challenging issue. We here aimed to find an optimal combination of factors to improve diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing malignant from benign thyroid nodules before surgery. In a prospective study from 2008 to 2012, 345 patients referred for thyroidectomy were enrolled. The sample size was split into a training set and testing set as a ratio of 7:3. The former was used for estimation and variable selection and obtaining a linear combination of factors. We utilized smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) logistic regression to achieve the sparse optimal combination of factors. To evaluate the performance of the estimated model in the testing set, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized. The mean age of the examined patients (66 male and 279 female) was $40.9{\pm}13.4years$ (range 15- 90 years). Some 54.8% of the patients (24.3% male and 75.7% female) had benign and 45.2% (14% male and 86% female) malignant thyroid nodules. In addition to maximum diameters of nodules and lobes, their volumes were considered as related factors for malignancy prediction (a total of 16 factors). However, the SCAD method estimated the coefficients of 8 factors to be zero and eliminated them from the model. Hence a sparse model which combined the effects of 8 factors to distinguish malignant from benign thyroid nodules was generated. An optimal cut off point of the ROC curve for our estimated model was obtained (p=0.44) and the area under the curve (AUC) was equal to 77% (95% CI: 68%-85%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values for this model were 70%, 72%, 71% and 76%, respectively. An increase of 10 percent and a greater accuracy rate in early diagnosis of thyroid nodule type by statistical methods (SCAD and ANN methods) compared with the results of FNA testing revealed that the statistical modeling methods are helpful in disease diagnosis. In addition, the factor ranking offered by these methods is valuable in the clinical context.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.534-540
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• 2012

Objective : Brainstem arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rare and radiosurgical management is complicated by the sensitivity of the adjacent neurological structures. Complete obliteration of the nidus is not always possible. We describe over 20 years of radiosurgical procedures for brainstem AVMs, focusing on clinical outcomes and radiosurgical techniques. Methods : Between 1992 and 2011, the authors performed gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in 464 cerebral AVMs. Twenty-nine of the 464 patients (6.3%) reviewed had brainstem AVMs. This series included sixteen males and thirteen females with a mean age of 30.7 years (range : 5-71 years). The symptoms that led to diagnoses were as follows : an altered mentality (5 patients, 17.3%), motor weakness (10 patients, 34.5%), cranial nerve symptoms (3 patients, 10.3%), headache (6 patients, 20.7%), dizziness (3 patients, 10.3%), and seizures (2 patients, 6.9%). Two patients had undergone a previous nidus resection, and three patients had undergone a previous embolization. Twenty-four patients underwent only GKRS. With respect to the nidus type and blood flow, the ratio of compact type to diffuse type and high flow to low flow were 17 : 12 and 16 : 13, respectively. In this series, 24 patients (82.8%) had a prior hemorrhage. The mean target volume was 1.7 $cm^3$ (range 0.1-11.3 $cm^3$). The mean maximal and marginal radiation doses were 38.5 Gy (range 28.6-43.6 Gy) and 23.4 Gy (range 18-27 Gy), and the mean isodose profile was 61.3% (range 50-70%). Results : Twenty-four patients had brainstem AVMs and were followed for more than 3 years. Obliteration of the AVMs was eventually documented in 17 patients (70.8%) over a mean follow-up period of 77.5 months (range 36-216 months). With respect to nidus type and blood flow, the obliteration rate of compact types (75%) was higher than that of diffuse types (66.7%), and the obliteration rate of low flow AVMs (76.9%) was higher than that of high flow AVMs (63.6%) (p<0.05). Two patients (6.9%) with three hemorrhagic events suffered a hemorrhage during the follow-up period. The annual bleeding rate of AVM after GKRS was 1.95% per year. No adverse radiation effects or delayed cystic formations were found. Conclusion : GKRS has an important clinical role in treatment of brainstem AVMs, which carry excessive surgical risks. Angiographic features and radiosurgical techniques using a lower maximal dose with higher isodose profiles are important for lesion obliteration and the avoidance of complications.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.571-579
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• 2010

Jeupjang has long been considered only a local delicacy. So, it has gradually been forgotten because its name and definition have not been established. This study was performed in order to provide some basic data by comparing the general components, color, free amino acids, free sugar, organic acids and antioxidant activities between commercial Jeupjang(GG, GD, JM, NJ, NS). Moisture contents, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents of Jeupjang were 48.07~61.77%, 4.08~10.53%, 3.92~4.64%, and 3.63~9.95%. pH, titrable acidity and salt in Jeupjang were 4.32~5.50, 9.37~14.82 mL(1N-NaOHmL), and 3.27~8.90%. Amino-type nitrogen content is 42.05~ 138.83mg%. Lightness(L), redness(a) and yellowness(b) values in color of Jeupjang were10.04~21.89, 18.92~28.80, and 17.16~37.56. The total content of free amino acids in commercial Jeupjang ranged from 35.22mg% to 306.02mg% in which it showed wide variation among samples. The major free amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and proline. The major free sugars were fructose(0.31~1.60%), glucose(6.20~ 13.61%) and maltose(7.34~10.01%). The major organic acids were succinic acid(29.08~ 103.62 mg%) and citric acid(3.08~108.69 mg%). Total polyphenol contents were from 1.16 mg/g to 1.78 mg/g, DPPH radical scavenging activity is from 0.57 AEAC to 1.53 AEAC and ABTS radical scavenging activity is from 1.58 AEAC to 2.85 AEAC. This result might cause the differences of soybean composition, processing methods and brewing periods. For the succession of traditional fermented food such as Jeupjang, quality standards are required. To this end, the standardization of manufacturing processes must be followed.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 1993

Differences in competitive characteristics for mineral nutrition were compared with rice and weeds according to rice planting types like the traditional hand transplanting, machine transplanting of young(10days old) and mature(30days old) seedling, flood direct seeding of germinated seeds and dry direct seeding of dry seeds. There was a slight competition for such nutrients as N, P, K, Ca, and Mg by E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai in transplanting cultivations. However, nutrient uptake by rice in direct-seedings was severely inhibited throughout the whole growth period by the two weeds including annual weeds such as S. Juncoides and C. difformis. The competition for nutrients at different cultivation types was mainly governed by the dominant weeds.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1987

It is well-known that hepatic scintigraphv have been found to be less sensitive and specific in the detection of the diffuse hepatocellular diseases than that of the space-occupying lesions. To obtain the higher diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, we, using the computer quantitation, have attempted to analyze hepatic and extrahepatic $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid uptake patterns in various diffuse hepatocellular diseases retrospectively. The studied groups consisted of 116 cases of normal, 67 cases of acute hepatitis, 112 cases of chronic hepatitis, 61 cases of liver cirrhosis, 47 cases of fatty liver, 12 cases of hepatoma and 9 cases of metastasis, making total 424 cases. Scintigraphic imagings were obtained in the anterior, right lateral and posterior projections using high-resolution collimation, and simultaneously these gamma data were acquisited into the computer system. Both large region of interest (ROI) using light pen and ROI computer program were placed over right lobe, left lobe of liver, spleen and cardiac blood pool. Total counts in ROI were divided by the number of pixels in the ROI, and mean count rate per pixels calculated. Mean right-lobe counts were divded by mean-left lobe counts to determine right-to-left hepatic lobe ratio and mean spleen counts were divided by mean liver counts to determine spleen to liver ratio. The results were as follows. 1) Of 424 cases, 292 were male and 132 were female. The majority of age distribution was in $30\sim49$ (54.5%). 2) Inter-observer between two independant operators and inter-method between drawing by light-pen and ROI computer program variations were not significant. 3) The uptake count values (per pixel) determined at each area in normal group were $106.53{\pm}18.35$ in right lobe, $79.00{\pm}13.82$ in left lobe, $17.52{\pm}8.31$ in spleen and $8.09{\pm}3.43$ in cardiac blood pool. 4) In liver cirrhosis, right lobe uptake was decreased but spleen and cardiac blood pool uptakes were increased (p<0.01). 5) Right-to-left hepatic lobe uptake ratio was $1.37{\pm}0.24$ in normal group and significantly low in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and fatty liver, and more or less low in acute hepatitis. 6) Spleen-to-right hepatic lobe uptake ratio was $0.17{\pm}0.09$ in normal group and high in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. 7) The computer-quantitation of hepatic and extrahepatic uptake patterns thought to be sensitive and useful method in the interpretation of liver scintigram.