• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.678-684
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• 2010

In an attempt to improve biomass and bioactive compound production, we cultured adventitious roots of $Eleutherococcus$ $koreanum$ in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentrations of auxins (IBA, NAA, IAA) and cytokinins (BA, kinetin, TDZ). Root biomass (fresh and dry weight) was enhanced at $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) after 5 weeks of culture. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids was also increased with $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA compared to ${\alpha}$-naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatments. The combination of $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA with $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ thidiazuron (TDZ; N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3,-thidiazol-5-ylurea) enhanced root fresh and dry weight (1.4- and 1.6-fold, respectively) as well as the content of total phenolics and flavonoids compared to the relative control (without cytokinin). On the contrary, $N_6$-benzyladenine (BA) and 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) did not significantly affect root biomass and bioactive compound production in adventitious roots of $E.$ $koreanum$. These results suggested that $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA combination with $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ TDZ supplementation was most suitable for both biomass and bioactive compound production from adventitious roots of $E.$ $koreanum$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2010

In this study, we isolated 179 bacterial strains using benzene, phenol, ethylbenzene, aniline, cumene, toluene as growth substrate from TCE contaminated soils and wastewaters. All the 179 strains were screened for TCE (30 mg/L) removal (growth substrate 0.2 g/L, $30^{\circ}C$, pH 7, cell biomass 1.0 g/L (w/v)) under aerobic condition for 21 days. EK2 strain using aniline showed the highest removal efficiency (74.4%) for TCE degradation. This strain was identified as Delftia acidovorans as the results of API kit, 16S rDNA sequence and fatty acid assay. In the batch culture, D. acidovorans EK2 showed the bio-degradation for TCE in the various TCE concentration (10 mg/L to 200 mg/L). However, D. acidovorans EK2 did not show the bio-degradation in the TCE 250 mg/L. D. acidovorans EK2 also show the removal efficiency (99.9%) for 12 days in the low concentration (1.0 mg/L). Optimal conditions to degrade TCE 200 mg/L were cell biomass 1.0 g/L (w/v), aniline 0.5 g/L, pH 7 and $30^{\circ}C$. Removal efficiency and removal rate by D. acidovorans EK2 strain was 71.0% and 94.7 nmol/h for 21 days under optimal conditions. Conclusion, we expect that D. acidovorans EK2 may contribute on the biological treatment in the contaminated soil or industrio us wastewater.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.235-241
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• 1996

Amophization and decomposition behaviour in $Mg_{62}Cu_{26}Y_{12}$ alloy prepared by melt spinning method and wedge type metal mold casting method have been investigated by a detailed transmission electron microscopy. Amorphous phase has formed in melt-spun ribbon. In the case of the wedge type specimen, however, the amorphous phase has formed only around the tip area within about 2 mm thickness. The remaining part of the wedge type specimen consists of crystalline phases, $Mg_{2}Cu\;and\;Cu_{2}Y$. The supercooling for crystallization behaviour of the amorphous $Mg_{62}Cu_{26}Y_{12}$ alloy, ${\Delta}T_x$ has been measured to be about 60 K. Such a large undercooling of the crystallization bahaviour enables formation of the amorphous phase in the $Mg_{62}Cu_{26}Y_{12}$ alloy under the cooling rate of $10^{2}K/s$. The amorphous $Mg_{62}Cu_{26}Y_{12}$ has decomposed into crystalline phases, $Mg_{2}Cu\;and\;Cu_{2}Y$ after heat treatment at $170^{\circ}C\;and\;250^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1981

The characteristics of septic tank sludges were investigated and the kinetic coefficients in the aerobic biodegradation were evaluated from bach treatability tests. Using an unbiased statistical method, the estimated values, k (substrate removal rate coefficient) =0. 0175hr-1 at 17\ulcornerC, K. (Michaelis Menten constant) = 248mg/ e, a (cell yield coefficient)=0.625, and Kd (cell decay coefficient:' =0. 00192hr-1 were obtained based on biodegradable COD(mg/ \ulcorner) and volatile suspended solids(mg/\ulcorner). The relationship between COD and BOD, COD (mg/\ulcorner) =2. 1 BOD(mg/\ulcorner) +250, also was established for the septic tank sludges. Dilution was inevitable for the grit removal because of the high viscosity of the sludges. An aerobic activated sludge process rather than anaerobic processes was recommended for the removal of soluble organics after the removal of grit and suspended solids. A multi-stage activated sludge process was adapted for this highly concentrated and not easily-degradable waste. It was estimated that a four-stage activated sludge process would require 40 hours retention time compared to 92 hours for a single-stage process, 52 hours for a double-stage process, and 46 hours for a three stage process in order to achieve an effluent quality of 84mg/ e COD( 40mg/ e BOD) with about 4, OOOmg/ \ulcorner MLSS from an influent quality of I, 500mg/ t COD(714mg/.e BOD), while multi-stages beyond four stage would not save the required retention time significantly.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.582-586
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• 2008

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidative activities of rooibos tea(Aspalathus linearis) fractions were studied. Three extracts, using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, were prepared. Total phenolic compounds were 3069.3 mg/100 g extract in the hexane fraction, 18604.4 mg/100 g extract in the ethyl acetate fraction, and 13458.8 mg/100 g extract in the ethanol fraction. Levels of vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were analyzed by RP-HPLC, and totals of 3452.6 and 3156.1 mg/100 g of extract were found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. In the DPPH assay, the ethanol fraction(82.2% of contol) and the ethyl acetate fraction(78.9%) showed the highest free radical scavenging capacities. The induction period of each tea fraction in the fish oil rancimat assay was measured. When 500 ppm of the ethanol fraction was applied, a 1.19 h induction period was observed. This was 2-fold greater than the induction period of the control.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.965-974
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of particle size of naked oat flour (NOF) on physicochemical property and antioxidant activity. The NOF was passed through $250{\mu}m$ and $160{\mu}m$ size sieves to obtain three fractions (fraction A: $250{\mu}m$ or more, fraction B: $160-250{\mu}m$, and fraction C: $160{\mu}m$ or less). Moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents of NOF were 8.4, 15.7, 10.0, and 1.8%, respectively, and these contents were increased as the particle size of NOF decreased. The mineral and free amino acid contents of NOF also had a similar tendency. The contents of total starch, amylose, starch damage, total dietary fiber, ${\beta}$-glucan, total phenolics, and flavonoids in NOF were 56.4%, 21.4%, 11.7%, 11.0%, 4.7%, $237.8{\mu}g/g$ and $90.9{\mu}g/g$, respectively. As the particle size of NOF decreased, total starch, amylose, and starch damage contents increased, whereas total dietary fiber, ${\beta}$-glucan, total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased. Also, three antioxidant activities of NOF were closely correlated with their total phenolics and flavonoids contents, showing high correlation coefficient values ($R^2=0.87$ and 0.81, respectively).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2005

Acetaminophen(APAP) is one of the most extensively used analgesics and antipyreics worldwide. In order to investigate preventive effects of white and red ginseng extracts, male ICR mice pretreated with white or red ginseng extracts(50 or 250 mg/kg/day, for 5 days, orally) before treatment with acetaminophen(800mg/kg, i.p, single dose). In an attempt to elucidate the possible mechanism of hepatoprotective effect, superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), hydroperoxide, malondialdehyde(MDA) contents were studied. In pretreatment with red ginseng extract(250 mg/kg), the activities of SOD, CAT were generally highest and the hydrogen peroxide content was lowest. The levels of MDA were significantly lower in white and red ginseng extract groups than those in the APAP groups. By treatment with ginseng extract, high content of hydrogen peroxide and increased lipid peroxidatiion level caused by APAP could be lowered. Also, ginseng extracts were found to increase antioxidative enzyme activity. Finally, the results suggest that the antioxidant effects of (white and red) ginseng extracts prevent oxidative damage by direct antioxidant effects involving SOD, CAT and increasing the ability to synthesize endogenous antioxidants. It was concluded that ginseng can protect against APAP intoxication through its antioxidant properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.390-393
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• 2014

The effects of roasting temperature and time on the antioxidant activities of tartary buckwheat were investigated. Compared to raw seeds (2.05 mg TAE/g), seeds roasted at $175^{\circ}C$ for 5 min showed significantly higher total polyphenol content (p<0.05), while those roasted at $250^{\circ}C$ for 10 min showed significantly lower total polyphenol content (2.77 and 2.56 mg TAE/g, respectively). The electron-donating abilities of tartary buckwheat seeds increased with an increase in the roasting time at lower temperatures (p<0.05). However, seeds roasted at a higher temperatures ($250^{\circ}C$) for 10 min showed significantly lower electron-donating abilities (p<0.05). Seeds roasted at $175^{\circ}C$ showed adequate L values, regardless of the roasting time. In contrast, seeds roasted for 10 min at $250^{\circ}C$, showed markedly lower L values. Our results suggest that the roasting temperature and time must be controlled to produce high-quality tartary buckwheat products.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2017

This study investigated the effect of pre-planting nitrogen (N) fertilization levels added to a soilless root medium on the growth of 'Dotaerang Dia' tomato seedlings. The N levels were varied for a total of 7 treatments: 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The pH of the root media gradually rose in all treatments as the seedlings grew; however, the differences in the pH were not significant among the treatments. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the root media was significantly different among the treatments from sowing to week three, then drastically decreased after week four, which diminished the differences in the EC among the treatments. At week six, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, and fresh and dry weights of the shoot were highest for the treatment with $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$. In contrast, the treatment with $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ had the lowest results for all growth measurements. The fresh weight was 67% heavier in the $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ treatment compared to the $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ treatment. The total N content in the tissues was lowest in the treatment with $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ and highest in the treatment with $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$. The contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and metal micronutrients in the tissues were highest in the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ treatment. A previous study demonstrated that adjusting the fertilization level to promote growth to over 90% of the maximum growth is a good strategy for lowering production costs and preventing damage due to excessive fertilizer absorption by crops. Our results indicated that the optimal pre-planting N fertilization level for tomato plug seedlings should be lower than $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the optimum tissue N contents should be around 3.21% to 4.60%.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.546-552
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• 1998

Background: Up to 90% of a theophylline dose is biotransformed, by interaction with one or more the variants of the cytochrome P-450 drug metabolism system. Macrolides affect the elimination of theophylline by influencing on the microsomal enzyme systems. We evaluate the effect of erythromycin and new macrolides on the serum theophylline level and clearance. Method : Subjects consisted of moderate asthmatic patients with normal renal and hepatic functions. All subjects were non-smokers and treated with oral theophylline 400 mg per day. We randomly assigned 53 patients into four groups. Each group was treated with one macrolides, the first group erythromycin(n:19, 500 mg bid), second roxithromycin (n:14. 150 mg bid), third clarithromycin (n:10, 250 mg bid) and fourth azithromycin(n:10, 250 mg bid). We measured the serum theophylline level and clearance at three intervals, at pretreatment, after the first and fourth week after receiving the following macrolides, erythromycin, roxithromycin and clarithromycin. When azithromycin was administered, the serum theophylline level was measured at pretreatment and after one week of treatment They were measured by a computerized program of Bayesian method. Results : When compared with control, erythromycin and roxithromycin-treated groups had a significantly elevated serum theophylline level and decreased clearance. However, there were no significant changes of the serum theophylline level and clearance in clarithromycin and azithromycin-treated groups. Conclusion : These results suggest that theophylline dose may need to be readjusted and have periodic drug monitoring when erythromycin or roxithromycin is administered concurrently.