• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1997

목적 : 방광 요관 역류는 소아에서 반복적인 요로감염을 일으키며 역류성 신병증으로 진행하는 질환으로 복부 초음파, DMSA scanning, 배뇨성 요도 방광 조영술등으로 확진할 수 있으나 이런 방사선학적 검사는 관혈적 방법으로 환아에게 동통 및 불쾌감과 합병증이 발생할 수 있고 검사 시행에 시간이 필요한 단점이 있다. 이에 저자들은 내원 당시 환아의 임상 증상과 혈액 및 뇨의 생화학 검사 소견을 이용하여 방광요관 역류의 가능성을 조기에 예측할 수 있는지 알아 보고자 본연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1993년 7월부터 1994년 6월까지 요로감염증으로 고대병원 소아과에 내원한 환아중 방광요관 역류가 있는 24명(A군)과 대조군으로 방광요관 역류를 동반하지 않은 요로감염증 환아 16명(B군)을 대상으로 내원당시의 발열, 혈뇨 및 단백뇨의 유무, C-반응 단백, 혈중 요소질소, 크레아티닌, $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$로 측정한 사구체 여과율, 요중${\beta}_2$-microglobulin, 24시간 뇨중 알부민 양등을 측정 비교하였다. 결과 : 1) 방광 요관역류는 편측성이 14례, 양측성이 10례였으며 International Reflux Study Committee 분류법상, 역류를 보인 34신장중에 Grade I이 3신, Grade II 9신, Grade III 11신, Grade IV 11신의 분 를 보였고 Smellie등에 의한 분류상, 신반흔이 있던 14례중 type A 5례, type B 5례, type C 4례였고 type D는 없었다. 2) A군과 B군간의 평균 사구체 여과율, 혈중 요소질소, 크레아티닌, 24시간 뇨중 알부민의 양과 혈뇨, 단백뇨의 유무 비교는 통계적 의의가 없었다. 3) 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin의 평균값은 A군이 $283.6{\pm}195.8{\mu}g/l$, B군이 $78.7{\pm}48.5{\mu}g/l$로 방광요관 역류가 있는 경우가 의미있게 높았다 (p<0.01). 4) 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$이상이면서 내원당시 C-반응 단백이 양성인 경우 민감도 93.3%, 특이도 77.8%(p<0.01)로, 또 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$ 이상이면서 발열이 있었던 경우 민감도 92.2%, 특이도 62.5%(p<0.01)로 방광요관 역류가 동반되었다. 결 론 : 요로감염증으로 내원한 환아가 내원당시 발열이 있거나 C-반응 단백이 양성이면서 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$ 이상인 경우 방광요관 역류가 존재함을 예측할 수 있어 임상적으로 유용한 지표가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1980

Gentamicin is useful to the Gram negative bacterial infection, but its nephrotoxicity is a serious problem and the incidence is probably increasing. The toxicity of gentamicin to the kidney is site-specific to the proximal tubule. In this study, we measured daily peak and trough level of gentamicin, serum creatinine, serum $Beta_2$-microglobulin and 24-hr urine $Beta_2$-microglobulin in 10 gentamicin treated patients. All the patients had their peak levels of gentamicin in the safe therapeutic range, and their trough level showed no evidence of gentamicin accumulation. There was no patient who showed his daily serum creatinine and $Beta_2$-microglobulin rise significantly. But 24-hour urine $Beta_2$-microglobulin showed significant rise from basal level (mean $5.8{\pm}1.62{\times}$) on the 5 th day of gentamicin treatment. Thus, serial monitoring of proximal tubular function with urinary $Beta_2$-microglobulin excretion has potential value in the assessment of insults of gentamicin to this site. But clinical significance of raised urinary $Beta_2$-microglobulin excretion in relation to the serum creatinine should be further studied.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2008

목 적 : 요 중 N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) 와 beta 2-microglobulin(B2M) 은 신세뇨관 간질 손상의 표적으로 생각된다. 이 연구의 목적은 다양한 신장 질환 환아 에서 요 중 NAG 와 B2M 수치를 검사해 보는 것이다. 방 법: 우리는 21명의 환아(8.9$\pm$4.5세, 남:녀=14:7)를 조사해서 세 군으로 분류하였다: I군(스테로이드에 반응하는 신증후군 환아-4명), II군(다양한 종류의 사구체 신염 환아-4명), III군(정상뇨 또는 비사구체성 신장 질환 환아-13명). 결 과: I군과 II군에서의 요 중 NAG 수치는 III군에서보다 유의하게 높았다.(19.4$\pm$11.5와 30.0$\pm$30.1 vs. 4.7$\pm$3.9, P=0.01) 반면에 요 중 NAG 수치와 B2M 수치가 양의 상관 관계에 있음에도(r=0.49, P=0.03), 요 중 B2M 수치는 세 군에서 차이가 없었다. 요 중 NAG 와 B2M 수치는 모두 단백뇨, 혈중 알부민, 콜레스테롤과 상관관례를 보였다. 결 론: NAG 와 B2M 의 배설량은 스테로이드에 반응하는 신증후군 환아와 다양한 종류의 사구체 신염 환아에서 증가되어 있었다. 이는 이런 질환들에서 세뇨관 기능저하를 의미하는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.1655-1659
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• 2008

Using numerical models, we investigated the efficiency of toxin removal using pulsatile flow in blood purification systems that use semipermeable membranes. The model consisted of a three-compartmental mass transfer model for the inside body and a solute kinetics model for the dialyzer. The model predicted the toxin concentration inside the body during blood purification therapy, and the toxin removal efficiencies at different flow configurations were compared quantitatively. According to the simulation results, the clearances of urea and ${\beta}_2$ microglobulin (B2M) using a pulsatile pump were improved by up to 30.9% for hemofiltration, with a 2.0% higher urea clearance and 4.6% higher B2M clearance for high flux dialysis, and a 3.9% higher urea clearance and 8.2% higher B2M clearance for hemodiafiltration. These results suggest that using a pulsatile blood pump in blood purification systems with a semipermeable membrane improves the efficacy of toxin removal, especially for large molecules and hemofiltration treatment.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.84-87
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• 2008

유전자 변형 작물은 생산성 측면에서 많은 장점이 있지만 이를 섭취할 경우 잠재적인 위험 요소들에 의해 많은 문제가 대두대고 있다. 본 연구는 저항성유전자를 이입한 배추에서 Profillin, Tubulin-${\alpha}$ (Tub-${\alpha}1$), Heat-shock protein (Bchsp 17.6) and Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (UBE)의 발현과 이를 30일간 섭취한 마우스에서 ${\beta}$-actin(${\beta}$-act), ${\beta}$-2-microglobulin (B2m), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase (Gus)의 발현 정도를 RT-PCR을 통해 알아보았다. 실험 결과 저항성유전자를 이입한 배추와 그렇지 않은 배추의 유전자 발현 패턴은 큰 차이를 보이지 앓았으며, 이를 섭취한 마우스 장기에서도 발현에 따른 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.18.1-18.8
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• 2015

Background: Quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the most important techniques for gene-expression analysis in molecular based studies. Selecting a proper internal control gene for normalizing data is a crucial step in gene expression analysis via this method. The expression levels of reference genes should be remained constant among cells in different tissues. However, it seems that the location of cells in different tissues might influence their expression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has any effect on expression level of three common reference genes (GAPDH, ${\beta}$-actin and ${\beta}2$-microglobulin) in equine marrow- and adipose-derived undifferentiated MSCs and consequently their reliability for comparative qRT-PCR. Materials and methods: Adipose tissue (AT) and bone marrow (BM) samples were harvested from 3 mares. MSCs were isolated and cultured until passage 3 (P3). Total RNA of P3 cells was extracted for cDNA synthesis. The generated cDNAs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The PCR reactions were ended with a melting curve analysis to verify the specificity of amplicon. Results: The expression levels of GAPDH were significantly different between AT- and BM-derived MSCs (p < 0.05). Differences in expression level of ${\beta}$-actin (P < 0.001) and B2M (P < 0.006.) between MSCs derived from AT and BM were substantially higher than GAPDH. In addition, the fold change in expression levels of GAPDH, ${\beta}$-actin and B2M in AT-derived MSCs compared to BM-derived MSCs were 2.38, 6.76 and 7.76, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that GAPDH and especially ${\beta}$-actin and B2M express in different levels in equine AT- and BM-derived MSCs. Thus they cannot be considered as reliable reference genes for comparative quantitative gene expression analysis in MSCs derived from equine bone marrow and adipose tissue.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of urinary biomarkers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and ${\beta}-2$ microglobulin (uB2MG), in early detection of urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants aged <3 months with fever. Methods: A total of 422 infants aged <3 months (male:female=267:155; mean age, 56.4 days), who were admitted for fever, were retrospectively included in this study. We compared uNGAL and uB2MG between the UTI and non-UTI groups at the time of admission. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC) of uNGAL and uB2MG for use in diagnosing UTI were assessed. Results: Among 422 patients, 102 (24.2%) were diagnosed with UTI. Levels of uNGAL were higher in the UTI group than in the non-UTI group (366.6 ng/mL vs. 26.9 ng/mL, P<0.001). Levels of uB2MG were not different between the 2 groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that uNGAL was an independent predictive factor for UTI (P=0.033). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 90.2%, 92.5%, and 91.9% for uNGAL, and 48.0%, 43.8%, and 44.8% for uB2MG, respectively. AUC of uNGAL was 0.942 and that of uB2MG was 0.407. Conclusion: Accuracy of uNGAL in the diagnosis of UTI is high in febrile infants aged <3 months. uNGAL can help in the early diagnosis and treatment of UTI in infants.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2005

Background: 1-8D gene is a member of human 1-8 interferon inducible gene family and was shown to be overexpressed in fresh colon cancer tissues. Three peptides 1-6, 3-5 and 3-7 derived from human 1-8D gene were shown to have immunogenicity against colon cancer. Methods: To study tumor immunotherapy, of three peptides we established an active immunization model using HHD mice. $D^{b-/-}{\times}{\beta}2$ microglobulin $({\beta}2m)$ null mice transgenic for a chimeric HLA-$A2.1/D^{b-}\;{\beta}2m$ single chain (HHD mice) were challenged with B16/HHD/1-8D tumor cells and were immunized with irradiated peptide-loaded RMA- S/HHD/B7.1 transfectants. In therapy model tumor growth was retarded in HHD mice that were injected with 3-5 peptide-loaded RMA-S/HHD/B7.1. In survival test vaccination with 1-8D-derived peptide protects HHD mice from tumor progression after tumor challenge. Results: These studies show that peptide 3-5 derived from 1-8D gene can be the most effective candidate for the vaccine of immunotherapy against colon cancer and highlight 1-8D gene as putative colon carcinoma associated antigens. Conclusion: We demonstrated that RMA-S/HHD/ B7.1 loaded with 1-8D peptides, especially 3-5, immunization generates potent antitumor immunity against tumor cells in HHD mice and designed active immunization as proper immunotherapeutic protocols.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2004

Background: 1-8D gene is a member of human 1-8 interferon inducible gene family and is shown to be overexpressed in fresh colon cancer tissues. Three peptides 1-6, 3-5 and 3-7 derived from 1-8D gene were shown to have immunogenicity against colon cancer. Methods: To study tumor immunotherapy of these peptides we established an adoptive transfer model. $D^{b-/-}{\times}{\beta}2$ microglobulin (${\beta}2m$) null mice transgenic for a chimeric HLA-A2.1/$D^b-{\beta}2m$ single chain (HHD mice) were immunized with irradiated peptide-loaded RMA-S/HHD/B7.1 transfectants. Spleens were removed after last immunization, and splenocytes were re-stimulated in vitro. Lymphocytes from vaccinated HHD mice were transferred together with IL-2 to the tumor bearing nude mice that were challenged S.C. with the HCT/HHD/B7 colon carcinoma cell line that was found to grow in these mice. Results: Peptide 3-5 was found to be highly effective in CTL activity. Adoptively transferred anti-peptide 3-5 cytolytic T lymphocytes caused significant retardation in tumor growth. Conclusion: This study shows that peptide 3-5 can be the most effective candidate for the vaccine of adoptive immunotherapy against colon cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.44.1-44.16
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• 2023

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective in treating autoimmune diseases and managing various conditions, such as engraftment of allogeneic islets. Additionally, autologous and HLA-matched allogeneic MSCs can aid in the engraftment of human allogeneic kidneys with or without low doses of tacrolimus, respectively. However, HLA alloantigens are problematic because cell therapy uses more HLA-mismatched allogeneic cells than autologous for convenience and standardization. In particular, HLA-mismatched MSCs showed increased Ag-specific T/B cells and reduced viability faster than HLA-matched MSCs. In CRISPR/Cas9-based cell therapy, Cas9 induce T cell activation in the recipient's immune system. Interestingly, despite their immunogenicity being limited to the cells with foreign Ags, the accumulation of HLA alloantigen-sensitized T/B cells may lead to allograft rejection, suggesting that alloantigens may have a greater scope of adverse effects than foreign Ags. To avoid alloantigen recognition, the β2-microglobulin knockout (B2MKO) system, eliminating class-I MHC, was able to avoid rejection by alloreactive CD8 T cells compared to controls. Moreover, universal donor cells in which both B2M and Class II MHC transactivator (CIITA) were knocked out was more effective in avoiding immune rejection than single KO. However, B2MKO and CIITA KO system remain to be controlled and validated for adverse effects such as the development of tumorigenicity due to deficient Ag recognition by CD8 T and CD4 T cells, respectively. Overall, better HLA-matching or depletion of HLA alloantigens prior to cell therapy can reduce repetitive transplantation through the long-term survival of allogeneic cell therapy, which may be especially important for patients seeking allogeneic transplantation.