• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2003

Turnip mosaic Potyvirus (TuMV) and Ribgrass mosaic Tobamovirus (RMV) are major viruses infecting crucifer crops in Korea. RMV-FG22 was isolated from oriental cabbage. TuMV isolates were TuMV-CA7 from oriental cabbage, TuMV-TU and TuMV-TU2 from turnip, TuMV-RA from rape, TuMV-ST from stock, and TuMV-R9 from radish. The six isolates of TuMV were classified by symptom expression in inbred lines of crucifers. TuMV-CA7 and TuMV-TU isolates infected mostly oriental cabbages; TuMV-ST, TuMV-TU2, and TuMV-R9 infected radishes; and TuMV-RA infected both oriental cabbages and radishes. Crops used in six combinations of mixed infections were 'Tambok' cultivar resistant to TuMV,'SSD63' susceptible inbred line of oriental cabbage, pure line of leaf mustard, and‘Daeburyungyeorum’cultivar of radish. External symptoms in 'Tambok' and radish by each of the six single infections of TuMV showed similar results by bioassay. Synergistic response of necrotic death occurred within 1 week after inoculation in all combinations mixed with TuMV and RMV-FG22 on leaf mustard. In oriental cabbage 'SSD63' , synergism of necrosis occurred in four TuMV isolates, but not in TuMV-ST and TuMV-R9. In oriental cabbage 'Tambok' , synergism was expressed only in two combinations of RMV-FG22+TuMV-CA7 and RMV-FG22+TuV-TU, but other combinations had the same symptoms produced by RM-FG22. In radish‘Daeburyungyeorum’, only mild mosaic symptoms were induced by combinations of RMV-FG22+TuMV-CA7, RMV-FG22+TuMV-TU, RMV-FG22+TuMV-RA, and RMV-FG22+TuMV-R9. Mosaic and severe mosaic were induced in combinations of RMV-FG22 +TuMV-TU2 and RMV-FG22+TuMV-ST, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.968-975
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• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to examine effects of different exercise training modes (Aerobic Training, Resistance Training) on exercise specificity and transability. The tested subjects, composed of 10 healthy males without known family history or medical illnesses, were divided into two groups: Aerobic Training Group (ATG; n=5) and Resistance Training Group (RTG; n=5). An aerobic training program, based on maximum oxygen consumption rates taken during standard testing, was conducted in 60 minute sessions 3 times a week, and the Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption rate was measured the using Polar. In the weight training program, based on repetition maximum rate (1-RM) taken during standard testing, the weight at 70% of such rates was measured during 60 minute sessions of 7 categories of exercise (Bench press, Leg press, Squat, Shoulder press, Arm curt Lat pull down, Triceps pull down), conducted 3 times a week. The data collected from this research were calculated to obtain average and differences compared to standards using an SPSS 11.0 statistics package. In conclusion, increase in V0$_{2max}$ and production of NO$_x$ (NO$_2$/NO$_3$), reduction of %fat, MAPwere shown effective in aerobic training and in different exercise tests, and aerobic testing within the aerobic training group (ATG) was shown to be more effective. In contrast, resistance training was shown to be more effective for the reduction of CK and LDH, and even in different tests, the resistance test within the resistance training group (RTG) showed to be more effective. Exercise specificity also significantly increased in both groups (ATG, RTG). but there was no significant difference in transability in both groups (ATG, RTG).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.918-924
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• 1998

This study has been carried out to investigate the effect of reaction milling time on the synthesis of Ti- TiC p powder synthesised from the elemental titanium and activated carbon by reaction milling(RM), and the effect of vacu­u urn hot pressing temperature and TiC volume fraction on microstructural and mechanical properties of Ti- TiC com­p posite $\infty$ns이idated by vacuum hot pressing(VHP).T The elemental powders of titanium and activated carbon can be converted into Ti- TiC composite powders by reac­t tion milling for about 300hours, and were the average grain size of the as- milled powders has been measured to be a about $5\mu\textrm{m}$. The relative density of Ti- TiC VHPed above $1000^{\circ}C$ during Ihr is about 98% and the mechanical properties o of In- situ Ti- TiC composites are improved by TiC particle dispersed uniformly on titanium matrix. In order to investi­g gate thermal stability of Ti- TiC composite, after annealing at $600^{\circ}C$ for 80hrs micro- Vickers hardness have been per­f formed, and the values have been shown little changed as compared with those before annealing. The compact has b been tested on high temperature compressive test at $700^{\circ}C$ and has showed a high temperature compressive strength of 330MPa in a Ti- 20vol% TiC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2019

Objective: At least eight local duck breeds have been recognized and documented as national germplasm of Indonesia so far. It is necessary to genetically characterize the local duck breeds for aiding conservation and future improvement strategies. Thus, this study was carried out to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of eight local duck populations of Indonesia using microsatellite markers. Methods: In total, 240 individuals (30 individuals each population) from Alabio (AL), Bayang (BY), Magelang (MG), Mojosari (MJ), Pegagan (PG), Pitalah (PT), Rambon (RM), and Turi (TR) duck populations were genotyped using 22 microsatellite markers. Results: The results showed a moderate level of genetic diversity among populations, with a total of 153 alleles detected over all loci and populations, ranging from 3 to 22 alleles per locus. Observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), as well as polymorphism information content over all loci and populations were 0.440, 0.566, and 0.513, respectively. Heterozygote deficiency in the overall populations ($F_{IT}=0.237$), was partly due to the heterozygote deficiency within populations ($F_{IS}=0.114$) and moderate level of genetic differentiation among populations ($F_{ST}=0.137$). The most diverse population was MG (He = 0.545) and the least diverse population was AL (He = 0.368). The majority of populations were relatively in heterozygote deficiency (except AL), due to inbreeding. The genetic distances, phylogenetic trees, and principal coordinates analysis concluded that the populations can be grouped into two major clusters, resulting AL, MG, and MJ in one cluster separated from the remaining populations. Conclusion: The present study revealed a considerable genetic diversity of studied populations and thus, proper management strategies should be applied to preserve genetic diversity and prevent loss of alleles.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.267-278
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• 2020

ESS is an essential requirement for resolving power shortages and power demand management and promoting renewable energy at a time when the energy paradigm changes. In this paper, we propose a cost-effective ESS Peak-Shaving operation plan through load and solar power generation forecast. For the ESS operation plan, electric load and solar power generation were predicted through RMS, which is a statistical measure, and a target load reduction guideline for one hour was set through the predicted electric load and solar power generation amount. The load and solar power generation amount from May 6th to 10th, 2019 was predicted by simulation of load and photovoltaic power generation using real data of the target customer for one year, and an hourly guideline was set. The average error rate for predicting load was 7.12%, and the average error rate for predicting solar power generation amount was 10.57%. Through the ESS operation plan, it was confirmed that the hourly guide-line suggested in this paper contributed to the peak-shaving maximization of customers.Through the results of this paper, it is expected that future energy problems can be reduced by minimizing environmental problems caused by fossil energy in connection with solar power and utilizing new and renewable energy to the maximum.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2002

Present contamination levels of soils along the major roadsides of Seoul, Korea were investigated, and base-line data were accumulated for future use. Topsoil $(1{\sim}5$ cm) and subsoil $(20{\sim}50$ cm) from five districts (Gangdong-, Gwangjin-, Nowon-, Seodaemun- and Seongdong-gu) were sampled. The collected samples were airdried, passed through 2-mm sieves, and analyzed to determine the physicochemical properties including pH, EC, CEC, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), and heavy metal contents (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Soil textures of topsoils and subsoils were mainly loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively. The range of pH was $4.5{\sim}10$.0 with an average of 7.5 for both topsoil and subsoil, which is much higher than that of the forest soils in Seoul. The ranges of 0.1 N HCI extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents for both topsoils and subsoils were $0.0l{\sim}l.19$, N.D. (not $detected){\sim}228$.99, $N.D.{\sim}352$.54, and $2.97{\sim}332$.96 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Most of the average heavy metal contents were lower than the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea, but were much higher than those of the , forest soils in Seoul. Some sites were higher in heavy metal contents than the concern levels; in particular, the average Cu content in Seongdong-gu was much higher than the concern level, 50 mg $kg^{-1}$. Careful management of the soil to prevent the aggravation of the present contamination level and the dissemination of contamination is highly recommended.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2019

Muscle dysfunction may arise from skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, injury, oxidative stress, and hereditary disease. Powdered heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) has anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. However, its antioxidant and anti-atrophy effects are poorly characterized. In this study, we examined the effects of EF-2001 on muscle atrophy. To determine the protective effect of EF-2001 on oxidative stress, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with $H_2O_2$ to induce oxidative stress. This induced cell damage, which was reduced by treatment with EF-2001. The mechanism of EF-2001's effect was examined in response to oxidative stress. Treatment with EF-2001 reversed the expression of HSP70 and SOD1 proteins. Also, mRNA levels of Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 increased under oxidative stress conditions but decreased following EF-2001 treatment. To evaluate muscle volume, two and three dimensional models of the muscles were analyzed using micro-CT. As expected, muscle volume decreased after sciatic denervation and recovered after oral administration of EF-2001. Therefore, EF-2001 is a candidate for the treatment of muscular atrophy, and future discovery of the additional effects of EF-2001 may yield further applications as a functional food with useful activities in various fields.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.477-485
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• 2012

This study evaluate the influence of food staining food and bleaching on the color (CIELAB) and reflectivity of two-way (anterior & posterior) composite resin and flowable composite resin. There were 6 immersion media: kimchi, red pepper paste, blueberry, tea, curry and distilled water. A total of 36 specimens ($11{\times}11{\times}2$ mm) were prepared and immersed in each immersion media for 8 days at $37^{\circ}C$. Their color and reflectivity measured with the spectrophotometer at baseline and every 24 hours. Data from the color change and reflectivity were collected and subjected to statistical analysis by ANOVA, ANCOVA and RM-ANOVA. Curry showed the highest influence on color change and blueberry on brightness (p<0.001) on both resins. Bleaching after polishing made color change more than polishing or bleaching independently on two-way (anterior & posterior) composite resin, but not on flowable composite resin. It was suggested cleaning the mouth after taking curry and blueberry be needed to maintain the original color of composite resin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.7-12
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• 1982

Growth of soybean sprouts(Glycine Max L.) and amounts of some chemical components were measured when they were exposed to blue light (120lux, 3hrs/day) during their growth. Hypocotyl length of irradiated soybean sprouts exceeded slightly that of control (dark) soybean sprouts, but the tfresh weight of whole sprouts as well as each part of the sprout showed no difference between the two groups. Chlorophyll content of cotyledon under blue light increased significantly with the lapse of days (3.57 and $8.45\;{\mu}g/100g$ fresh weight on the 3rd and 7th day). Bluelight irradiated sprouts contained more vitamin C than control sprouts (21.7% and 30.8% higher for the cotyledon and hypocotyl). Total amount of protein was not affected. Hypocotyl protein content was 8% of that in original soybean. Blue light did not affect the activity of trypsin inhibitor of sprouts. Similar activity of the inhibitor was observed in the cotyledon whereas hypocotyl showed activity corresponding to 23.7% of original bean. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram for the protein showed 10, 9, and 11 bands in the original bean. 5th day cotyledon and hypocotyl respectively. Especially, band 3 of low Rm value was major protein component for the hypocotyl. Band 5 and 11 could be seen only in the protein of hypocotyl from bluelight irradiated sprouts, whereas no effect of blue light on the electrophoretogram was observed for the cotyledon.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.447-468
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• 1996

The peat layer was deposited on the abandoned channel of incised meander of River Banbyuncheon with 7 meter thickness on Youngyang basin. The late Quaternary environmental change on the study area was discussed based on pollen anaalysis and radiocarbon-dating from this peat. The swamp which was caused to sediment the peat, was produced by which the fan debris from the adjacent slope damed the waterflow on the abandoned channel. The peat layer contains continuous vegetational history from 60,000y.B.P. to Recent. The peat deposit was divided into two layers by the organic thin sand horizon, which was sedimented at one time and made unconformity between the lower decomposed compact peat layers and the upper fresh fiberous peat layer. As the result of the pollen analysis, both peat layers from the two boring sites, Profile YY1 and Profile YY2 were divided into five Pollenzones(Pollenzone I, II, III, IV and V) and 12 Subzones which were mainly corresponded by the AP (Arboreal Pollen)-Dominance. The two profiles have some differences on the sedimentary facies and on the pollen composition as well. Therefore these were in common with the Pollenone III, however the Pollenzone I and II existed only on the Profile YY1 and the Pollenzone IV and V existed only on the Profile YY2. The lower layer containing the Pollenzone I, II and III revealed vegetational records of Pleistocene, which was characterized as tundra-like landscape and thin forested landscapes. It represented the NAP (Non-Arboreal Pollen)-period with a plenty of Artemisia sp., Sanguisorba sp., Umbelliferae, Gramineae and Cyperaceae. However a relatively high proportion of the boreal trees with Picea sp., Pinus sp. and Betula sp. as AP was observed in the lower layer. The upper layer contained the Pollenzone IVb and V and vegetational history in Holocene which was characterized by thick forested landscape with rich tree pollen. It represented AP-period with plenty of Pinus sp. and Quercus sp. as temperate trees. The temperature fluctuation supposed from the vegetational records is as follows; the Pollenzone I(Betula-Dominance, about 57,000y.B.P.) represents relatively cold period. The Pollenzone II(EMW-Domi-nance, 57,000-43,000y.B.P.)represents relatively warm period. This period is supposed to be Interstadial, the transi-tional stage from Alt- to Mittel Wurm. The Pollenzone III(Butula-, Pinus- and Picea-Dominace in turns, 43,000-15,000y.B.P.) reproesents cold period which had been built from Mittel-to Jung Wurm. Especially the Subzone IIId represents the coldest period throughout the Pollenzone III. It is corresponds to Wurm Glacial Maximu. It is supposed that the mean temperature in July of this period was coller about 10${^\circ}$C than present. The Pollenzone IV and V represent the vegetational history of Holocene. Tilia, Quercus and Pinus were dominant in turns during this period. Subzone IVb and Pollenzone I and II at east coastal plain of Korean penninsula reported by JO(1979).