• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2002

Purpose : Nowadays, drinks, foods and snacks have frequently been intensified with calcium and the insights into the importance of calcium-intake in general has developed in Korea. In this decade, we found the numbers of children who was visited to our hospital for evaluation of hematuria defined with hypercalciuria were increased. So we tried to compare the mean levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH who visited our hospital in 1991, 1992 with in 2000, 2001. Materials and methods : Between January 1991 to December 1992, and between January 2000 to December 2001, each 366 children and 488 children, aged 1 month to 15 years, who presented in our hospital for tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy or for inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled in the study, The children in the study were checked the level of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH with the machine which was corrected the similar levels of practical chemical levels in serum. We compared each mean levels in 1991s' group with in 2001s' group totally and separately through the age and sex. We used t-test to analysis data. Results : The levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and urinary pH of 2001s' group were significantly higher than the levels of 1991s' group(P<0.05). The each level was $9.91{\pm}0.50\;mg/dL,\;248.58{\pm}94.98\;U/L,\;0.61{\pm}0.14\;mg/dL,\;138.64{\pm}2.22\;mM/L,\;4.35{\pm}0.40\;mM/L,\;6.18{\pm}0.86$ in 2001s' and $9.13{\pm}0.68;mg/dL,\;198.26{\pm}79.34\;U/L,\;0.433{\pm}0.18\;mg/dL,\;137.86{\pm}2.67\;mM/L,\;4.22{\pm}0.36\;mM/L,\;5.83{\pm}0.95$ in 1991s'. And the levels of serum bicarbonate, $23.64{\pm}2.57\;mM/L$ in 2001s' was significantly lower than the 1991s', $24.60{\pm}2.23\;mM/L$(P<0.05). The similar results were detected each age and sex group. Conclusion : The levels of serum calcium increase in this decade. The results will be used as a basic data for the national health plan in the years to come.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-37
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• 1996

This paper aims at examining the regional difference of changes in the business organization of retailing in the Seoul metropolitan areas, as an attempt to understand regional structure of retailing within metropolitan areas showing the trend of suburbanization. On the national level, retail sales have concentrated on the large metropolitan areas, especially on the Seoul metropolitan area, with the concentration of population and income. Within metropolitan areas, the suburbanization of retailing has made the larger structure of retail and multi-store retail appeared. In order to confirm such phenomenon, this paper is to analyze and to compare the industrial composition of retailing using industry data of 1979 and 1991. And this paper is to analyze the regional changes in the characteristics of business organization of retailing, with the index including the percentages of establishments with less than under four employees, juridical establishments, employees of ordinary times, and the annual sales per establishment of detailing. The characteristics of business organization of retailing in analyzed by principal components analysis, and the types with component in each district (city, county, ward) is analyzed by cluster analysis(Ward method). The data of 1979 were obtained from the statistics in the Census of Wholesale and Retail Trade published by the National Bureau of Statistics of Economic Planning Board, and that of 1991 were obtained from the statistics in the Report on Establishment Census (Vol.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade) published by the National Statistics Office. The following are resultant findings. 1. In Seoul metropolitan area, changes in the industrial composition of retailing with annual sales from, 1979 to 1991 show very higher composition rates of 'general merchandise stores' and 'retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations', but comparatively lower composition rates of 'retailing of food, beverages and tobacco', 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessaries', 'general retail trade, n.e.c.',and 'retailing of household fuel'. 2. The characteristics of business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area presents the prevailence of small, personal business organization and especially larger employees of ordinary times. 3. Business components of retailing by principal components analysis in Seoul metropolitan area are follows: 1 All retaining industries are larger business scale. 2. Larger business take the 'retailing of taxtiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of furniture, home furnishing and equipment', and 'retailing of jewellery and watches' is main characteristic legal organization and employees of ordinary times. 4. Types changes in business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area represent legal organization and employees of ordinary times taking the 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of furniture, home furnishing and equipment',and 'retailing of jewellery and equipment', and 'retailing of jewellery and watches', and legal organization taking 'general retail trade, n.e.c.' in 1979. All retailing industries are changed into larger business scale, in 1991. These phenomena of business changes appeared southeastern regions in Kyunggi-do(province). And larger business scale taking the 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of jewellery and watches', and 'general retail trade, n.e.c.; are appeared in the legal organization in 1979. 'Retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations' are appeared in employees of ordinary times in 1991. These phenomena of business changes in appeared in eastern and northern regions in Kyunggi-do. 5. Changes in the business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area is appeared in legal organization and employees of ordinary times for some industries in 1979, larger business scale of retailing and employees of ordinary times in 'retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations' are the characteristics in 1991.

• 산림경영
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• s.67
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• pp.19-23
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• 1991

• 산림경영
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• s.61
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• pp.7-10
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• 1991

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.33-37
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• 1993

This is a study on the Changes of the Apartment House Managerial Problems to grope for the way of more pratical management about increasing the apartment house in Korea. The documentary research method was used for this study and the Han-Kook newspaper(1954-1991) was used as an ananlysis data. On the basis of it, I examined the changes, such as the number of whole articles by time series and the column of head title. I also classified it into several subjects and analyzed it. Finally, I attemped to divide an chronological section on the Changes of the Apartment House Managerial Problems. On the basis of this study, I expect that various documents, related laws and regulations will be analyzed in no distant future. These is going to make the Apartment House Managerial Problems gave more systemic and efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 1991

The present study was conducted to investigate the biochemical properties, pathogenicity, antimicrobial test, and serotype of E-coli isolated from slaughtered cattle during the period from March 1991 to May 1991. 1. A total of 12 E-coli isolates were isolated from 132 bile juice of slaughtered cattle. 2. All isolates were resistant to Erythromycin, Cephalothin, Neomycin and Lincomycin while the majority of them were susceptible to Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazol (67%), Chloramphenicol(58％), Gentamicin(58%), Ampicillin(17%), Kanamycin(9%) and Tetracycline (9%). 3. In the test of colicinogenecity and congo-red binding capability, 4(33%) isolates produced colicin, all isolates were congo-red negative. 4. The serotypes of isolated E-coli were identified as 008： K- (2 strain), 015： K- (1 strain), 08： K87： K88ab(1 strain), 0139： Kl2(1 strain), 0147: K89(1 strain), others(6 strains ) were autoagglutination.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 1996

One-hour average concentrations of ground-level ozone from around 80 monitoring stations in Korea during 1991 to 1993 were analyzed to examine characteristics of the ozone concentration variations. Two types of variations were observed: one was for the Capital area typified by Kwanghwmun, and the other was for the south and east seashore region typified by Tongkwangyang. In the Capital area including Seoul, Inchon, Kyonggi-do and Chunchon, mean daily 1-hout maximum was the highest in June following high monthly averages in spring. But frequent precipitation prevented further rise of daily maximum in July and August even though there were frequent episodes of high concentration exceeding 100ppb. In the south and east seashore region, average concentration was the highest throughout the year, and daily maximum and minimum simultaneously changed owing to small contributions from photochemical reactions. The typical annual variation was spring peak, summer down, and fall rise. Spring peak accompanied an usual observations of background variations at remote sites in the Northern Hemisphere. Riess of average and daily maximum with lower daily minimum in fall were attributable to photochemical reactions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.379-382
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• 2002

The present study was to investigate Pb and Cd concentrations in tissues of feral pigeons in urban areas. The Pb levels in bones and livers did not differ between Seoul and Kwangju areas. However, there were significant differences in kidney and liver Cd concentrations between the study sites. These are thought to be a reflection of the metal exposure conditions in the local environment. In particular, metal levels from Seoul were compared with those obtained in the same area between 1991 and 2000 in terms of the long-term biomonitoring approaches. The mean Pb concentrations in bones decreased from 59.1 $\mu$g/wet g in 1991 to 29.5 $\mu$g/wet g in 2000, totaling a reduction in concentrations of approximately 50 percent. However, there were no significant differences in the liver Pb concentrations. Concentrations of Cd in livers and kidneys did not differ between 1991 and 2000.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.155-161
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• 2017

In the field of information technology, broadband, internet and information flow have been found to be the primary elements to indicate access to information in this current information age. We examine whether the country difference in Broadband use, Internet use and information flow existing in 1991 has been reduced and if so how fast. Convergence framework had been utilised to answer these questions for 43 African countries. The results indicated that all the three chosen information technology indicators for 43 African countries are converging toward a reduction of dispersion and a catch-up process during the period 1991-2015. However, there are marked differences exhibited in the convergence processes for the Total groups and for the subgroups of countries by income level.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-32
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• 1993

This study was conducted to characterize quality of the soybean seed harvested in 1989, 1990 and 1991 each and stored in the refrigerator. Storage time did not affect the phytate and total sugar content, whereas longer storage reduced nitrogen solubility index (NSI). There was no difference in amylogram viscosity characteristics of soybean seeds harvested in 1989 and 1990, which was lower than those in 1991. The production yield of soybean sprout and total sprouting rate of soybean seeds harvested in 1989 were 334.8% and 57.4%, respectively, which were lower than those in 1990 and 1991.