• Journal of Koreanology Reviews
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2023

The present study examines the connections and effects of these historical events on South Korea's education system. The research seeks to illuminate private education's complex history and the complex factors that have shaped it by examining these historical trajectories. After the Korean War in the mid-20th century, South Korea went from agrarian to industrial, which shaped private education. Unparalleled economic growth in the 1960s and 1980s altered schooling. South Korea quickly became an industrial powerhouse, and education became crucial for families seeking socioeconomic advancement. The growing middle class, believing education was the key to prosperity, demanded more extra education. South Korean private education's fourth major event occurred during the socioeconomic upheavals of the 1960s-1980s. Prior studies explain how the fast transition from agrarian to industrial society made schooling essential for families seeking upward mobility. Due to the demand for extra education, private tutoring and specialist hagwons flourished. In summary, this study insists that the effects of historical events on South Korean private education demonstrate the interconnection of cultural, economic, and sociological aspects. Educational practitioners must comprehend the historical backdrop, recognize the lasting impact of past events, and use literature-based tools to navigate this complex landscape.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.15
• /
• pp.29-47
• /
• 2009

The changes in the field of high tech media promote the development of animation films, which was considered once as a decaying industry. A large success of Disney animation films in 1980's and the possibilities of animation as an economically profitable mass products allowed this art form to play a leading role in mass culture. But, the cultural and philosophical aspects of animation works are not studied enough up to this time, despite its importance. This article is focused on the study of animation as a serious cultural and philosophical text. The object of research is the Russian animation in the period of 1960-1980 years. In this time, new trends are noticed in the history of Russian animation : aesthetical experiments in style and subjects became possible since the society freed from totalitarian atmosphere after the political destalinization by Khrushchev. In addition to, it was the time when the system of state subsidies still functioned, that animation was not the object of cultural industry yet, as it happened in the period of Perestroika. In this condition, lots of short animation films, which were remarkable not only in the context of Soviet art culture, but also in the history of world animation films, were produced. This article proposes to analyze the characteristics of realities and fantasy, portrayed in the films of this period, and examine the role and status of animation films in the social-cultural context.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 1986

With Economic Development Plan, the Korean National Family Plan Program was introduced in early 1960's. The program, which has been a way for constraining population increase, has obtained excellent results. In other word, it has had an important role in controlling the increase in population. The purpose of this study is to analyze the change of fertility rates since 1970 and the lever of completed fertility of Korean women since 1960. There are Age-specific Fertility Rate(ASFR), Total Fertility Rate(TFR), Gross Reproduction Rate(GRR) and Net Reproduction Rate(NRR) etc. in indices of period fertility. It is also possible to be seen the completed fertility rates by using Parity Progression Ratio. The data necessary for this study were obtained from Population & Housing Census Report from the year of 1960 to 1980 and Vital Statistics from 1980 to 1984, which conducted by Economic Planning Board, Republic of Korea. The summarized results of this study were as follows : 1. Age-specific Fertility Fertility Rate(ASFR) has been continuously decreasing till now. The ASFR for the women aged 25 to 29 was higher than those of any other groups and the ASFR for the women aged 20 to 24 was higher than that of the women aged 30 to 34 since the mid 1970's. 2. There are Total Fertility Rate(TFR), Gross Reproduction Rate(GRR) and Ney Reproduction Rate(NRR) etc. in reproduction rates. First of all, TFR and GRR have been declining except late of 1970's and TFR showed 2.23 per ever-married women, GRR was 1.05 in 1982. Next, the change of NRR could not be found without life table by year and only NRR for the time of census was to be found. In 1980, NRR showed 1.27 per ever-married women and the level was still out of reach at replacement level of population. 3. Specific Fertility Rate by Birth Order(SFRBO) showed to be declined continually since 1972. Especially the SFRBO of the third live birth was decreased from about 22 per 1,000 ever-married women in 1972 to 12 or so in 1982. 4. To know the level of completed fertility, the mean number of completed live births per ever-married women was calculated from 1960 to 1980. The number of completed live births was more than 5 per ever-married women by the year of 1975 but have been declining and resulted in 4.69 in 1980.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.31-47
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze communication topics in Journal of Korean Gerontological Society from 1980 to 2009. Out of all published over one thousand articles, 54 articles were selected by content analysis. The published time, the number of authors, the author's institutions, type of communication and media, methodologies, and so on were analyzed for this study. The conclusion of this study are as follows; First, the articles regarding on communication published only one throughout in 1980's. However, the articles have been gradually published since 1990's. Second, the authors came mainly from universities especially those who are engaged in social welfare field. Third, the types of communication are concentrated on group communication. Interestingly enough, it is found that mass communication such TV, magazine, and internet were analyzing in-depth. Telephone is one of most important mediated human communication media. On the contrary, mobile phone and computer were researched on not for the usage but for the education purposes. Forth, in methodologies, authors are used mainly survey method and selected content analysis in all media research. In conclusion, the scholars of gerontology and communications should co-operate and help each other to promote aging and communication field.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.349-368
• /
• 2020

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the characteristics of Korean petroleum and petrochemical industries and the change of participation in global value chains. Since 1960s, Korean petroleum and petrochemical industries have been developed under government's industrial policies. In 1980s Korean petroleum and petrochemical industries served as a key export-oriented industry) of Korea's national economic development. Based on the expansion of large-scale production facilities led by the private sectors from the end of 1980s, Korea became as a major country in the global petroleum and petrochemical industries. Under Korean domestic scale, it shows considerable spatial concentration, in Ulsan Metropolitan City, Yeosu City and Seosan City. However, the degree of spatial concentration is differentiated along the each sectors within the petroleum and petrochemical industry. To improve regional industry competitiveness, each region has adopted different strategies and shifted to structural upgrading and producting high value-added products. Changes in the structure within petroleum and the petrochemical industries at the national level caused a change in the structure of Korea's participation in GVC, but the domestic value-added is lower than that of its major competitors.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to induce domestic eyewear industry to invest in research and development of eyewear manufacturing technology and eyewear design. Methods: Analysis of Industrial Rights using data issued by Korea Intellectual Property Office and search results by 'Kipris' (Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service). Results: A number of Industrial Rights Application related to eyewear of eyewear industry has rapidly increased since 1980's. The ratio of Patent and Design Right applications related to eyewear by foreigner has continually decreased, 55%, 32.9% in 1980's, 40%, 22% in 1990's and 27%, 13.9% in 2000's. This shows domestic eyewear industry has developed technology and design on eyewear more and more. But numbers of Design Right applications in 1990's were about 60 in a year and those in 2000's were about 70 in a year. This may explain a few eyewear company have applied for Design Right. Conclusions: It is evident that domestic eyewear industry make an more effort and investment to develop eyewear manufacturing technology and design, but not enough. Actually, we don't know exactly how they develop and how much they invest. Now we need to research problems what they have and environments what they face.

• 한국사회정책
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.113-139
• /
• 2016

This article tries to compare exchange relations between welfare and dictatorship in the East Germany and the North Korea. Unlike capitalist welfare aiming at correcting market results socialist welfare has been proposed to satisfy people's basic needs, but it had operated as instrument of dictatorship. Relation between welfare and dictatorship could be distinguished as hard exchange and soft one in line with social construction of welfare. Welfare-dictatorship relation in East Germany had developed from its formation(1949-1970s), crisis(1980s) and dissolution(1989-1990). There had established hard exchange relation in which the legitimacy of dominance had debted to welfare as social rights. While crisis of the exchange relation had been modest in a form of insufficient supply of consumption goods, it was one of the elements of collapse of dictatorship, leading to the unification with West Germany. The journey of the exchange relation in North Korea can be characterized by its formation(1948-1980), crisis(1990s-2000s), and transformation(2010s). Unlike East Germany, welfare was socially constructed as gift form the ruler to the ruled, which made the combination of welfare and dictatorship loosely coupled. Although economic crisis was severe compared to East German one the rulers have succeeded maintaining dictatorial dominance by creating dual exchange relation. They separated core group and subordinated one supporting the former at the expense of the latter. They blocked out most of the people from soft exchange relation making bad use of muddling-through life style dependent on market activities. This strategy led to a 'dictatorship neutral welfare extinction'. Taking the high degree of institutionalization of newly establishing welfare-dictatorship relation into account, lives of most people are hardly expected to be improved by gift by their rulers even if North Korean economy will recover in the future.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.143-170
• /
• 2003

During the last few decades dramatic expansion of education occurred for women as well as men in Korea. Taking into account such a rapid expansion of education, this study examines trends in the effects of education on first occupational attainment among Korean women. Using the data from "the 4th Survey on Women's Employment," conducted by Korean Women's Development Institute in 2001, this study investigates the trends across three cohorts classified on the basis of the year of labor force entry after schooling: before 1980, 19801989, and 1990 or later. First, log-linear models are applied to the data to detect the temporal change in the overall association between education and first occupational attainment controlling for marginal distribution. The log-linear analysis shows that the strength of association between education and first occupation has declined over time. An additional analysis of OLS regression is conducted to see how the effects of each level of educational attainment on occupational prestige have changed across the three cohorts. The results of OLS regression suggest that the differences in prestige scores between the lowest and each of other educational levels are narrower in recent cohorts.t cohorts.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.13 no.4 s.40
• /
• pp.89-105
• /
• 2004

This paper investigates morphological theory as an intellectual framework for research and design. The first part of the paper will review morphological studies in the fields of urban geography, urban planning and architecture, particularly in England from the 1940s to the 1980s. While urban geographers and planners were concerned primarily with town plans, building forms and land use, architectural theoreticians were more interested in the topological relationship between urban and architectural space. The underlying premises and principles of these two approaches will be reviewed. The second part of the paper will focus on typology in Europe and North America. The reinterpretation of typology by Italian architects helped to bridge the gap between individual elements of architecture and the overall form of the city. However, typological theory became less accessible in post-war England and the United States. After 1980, the debate on typology became muted by the onset of vague notions such as functionalism, bio-technical determinism, and contextualism. This paper will propose a redefinition of morphology as a heuristic device, in contrast with the dichotomic view of urban morphology and architectural typology. Morphology will be shown to combine the geometrical and topological; the intentional and accidental; the real and abstract; and a priori and a posteriori. The last part of the paper discusses the lack of comparative theories and methods surrounding the physical form of architecture and the city by Korea commentators. Empirically rooted facility planning, non-comparative historical studies, and iconographic criticism emerged as a central preoccupation of architectural culture between the 1960s and 1980s, a time when international debate on architecture and urbanism was most intense. This paper will give consideration to the built environment as a dynamic physical entity and space as an epiphenomenon of daily urban life, such that collaboration between urban designers, architects, and landscape architects is seen as both beneficial and necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.149-157
• /
• 2007

Hair style was mean of visual symbol that display position or wealth about human life. Also, have spoken for cultural value as human body plastic art that speak for the age. I wished to study about modeling of hair style and interrelationship of color by analyzing systematically laying stress on color through contest creation work consisted in beauty art congress. Urpose of this study is as following. First, examines domestic' outside great council work head change by era, and studies Hair Work's change in work head. Second, Hair Color's change that appear in domestic' outside contest work head studies effect that get in work. Method of study runs parallel literature study and supporting research, utilized domestic' outside literature, connection paper, magazine, picture data etc. To literature study, and work picture data examined laying stress on work that is choosesed picture dataworld beauty use association (OMC) data etc. that appear in domestic' outside beauty art magazine to examine closely specification and stability of beauty art game style and participates in domestic and world beauty art contest. In this study, domestic' characteristic, and effect that collar gets in work head of collar that collects outside contest participating in an athletic contest hair style by ($1981{\sim}$until present) by year and appears in contest work head and in work since analyzing study forward $2007{\sim}2008$ year direction of collar. First, stream of whole color of the 1980s Brown gave highlight color point partially to basis, and was consisted of creative style and do Gold base color on the whole in Hair by Night item. Second, various Hair color was popularized in the 199Os, and Tuton's color appeared in beauty art game work, and I contributed to improve technique that step-up gradation color appears and does technique to highlight in neon orange in creative style and Hair by Night item by entrance on the stage of neuter gender color.