• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of paternal smoking on the developmental levels of children younger than 3 years of age. For this purpose, the paper made use of data from the Panel Study on Korean Children which has been released in 3 waves - 2008, 2009, and 2010. The main findings are as follows. First, the smoking characteristics of parents (e.g., the amount of smoking in the morning, the time starting the first cigarette of the day) rather than the duration of smoking or whether the father smoked or not revealed significant relationships with developmental levels. Second, children whose fathers preferred smoking in the morning exhibited lower activity levels or more areas with developmental delays than did their counterparts. Third, children whose fathers smoked more than 11 cigarettes a day were more likely to show problematic developmental levels, especially among those whose fathers responded so only for 1 year out of 3 years. Based on these findings, this study suggests that future research may be conducted, relating to the mechanisms through which morning smoking affects children and possible interventions for such morning smokers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7743-7748
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• 2015

Background: Thyroid tumors are generally regarded as rare malignancies. Nowadays, however, their global incidence is growing continuously partially due to western life style and utilization of more sensitive methods of early detection. It is approximately three times more prevalent in females than in males. Most cases of thyroid cancer are asymptomatic nodules or just have local cervical symptoms or adenopathy in early stages. Materials and Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases report 2010 study (released 3/2013) profited from 100 collaborators worldwide and used a vast network of data on health outcomes, vital registries, and population surveys. It shared many of the Global Burden of Diseases 1990 principal databases such as all available data on injuries, diseases, risk factors, as well as comparable metrics, and used different scientific approved methods to estimate important health status data like: death rate, life expectancy, healthy adjusted life expectancy, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), years of living lost due to premature death and years of life with disabilities. Results: DALY as thyroid cancer burden per 100,000 Iranian populations had increased by about 14% during 1990 to 2010 in all ages; from 6.1 (95% UI 4.2-9.74) years in 1990 to 6.95 (95% UI 5.06-9.18) years in 2010 in both sex. The 2010 peak age-group was estimated at 45-49 years in males and 40-45 years in females.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 1994

Age and growth of Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura were investigated by random quadrate sampling method at monthly intervals from February 1993 to January 1994 in Pusan Bay, southeastern coast of Korea. The size of various parts of the collected plants was periodically measured individually. An allometric relationship was established according to the total length, blade length, stipe length, stipe diameter and weight of frond. Each age group was divided according to the range of stipe length by the allometric relation. The population of E. stolonifera consisted of five age groups; 1 year ($41.5\%$), 2 years ($25.9\%$), 3 years ($21.1\%$), 4 years ($7.8\%$) and 5 years ($3.5\%$). During a year, biomass of the population increased drastically from May to September, but gradually decrease from October to January. Zoosporangial sori were observed on blades of three or more years old, from October to December. New populations were formed by zoospores, developed on shoots of three or more years old, and also they were vegetatively formed from stoloniferous haptera on two or more year old mother thalli.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2019

We investigated coffee consumption in relation to the abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean women aged 19~64 years, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012~2016. The participants to the study were classified according to 3-in-1 coffee consumption level (none-coffee, ${\leq}1$ time/day of 3-in-1 coffee, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee) by a food frequency questionnaire. The analysis was conducted by the following age groups: <50 years and $50{\leq}$ years. The 3-in-1 coffee consumption group had significantly more smokers and more alcohol consumption frequency as compared to the none-coffee group. The energy intake from the participants in the 3-in-1 coffee consumption of ${\leq}1$ time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group, and >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group were 131.2 kcal/day and 123.1 kcal/day. In the 50 years or over age group, >1 time/day of 3-in-1 coffee group was at a lower risk of abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference, compared with the non-coffee group multivariable adjustment (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25~0.77). Our findings suggest that the 3-in-1 coffee consumption may be related to abdominal obesity as defined by waist circumference in Korean females aged 50 years or over.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.4623-4629
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• 2016

Introduction: Breast cancer is multifactorial therefore more recognition of risk factors is important in its prevention. Objective: This study was conducted in order to determine the factors influencing breast cancer in women referred to health centers in Guilan province in 2015-2016. Method: In a case- control study, 225 women with breast cancer were investigated. The control group consisted of 225 healthy women of the relatives (third-rank) whose phone numbers were obtained from the patients. Data were collected through telephone interviews. Results: The risk of breast cancer raised in women who have a family history of other cancers (OR= 3.5; 95% CI= 1.96-6.6), exposure to X-Ray (OR= 2.5; 95% CI=1.1-5.5), having more than 4 children (OR= 2.695% CI=1.2-4.8), age more than 36 years at first pregnancy(OR=2.3; 95% CI=0.7-5.1),primary levelof education (OR= 5.4;95% CI=2.8-11.2) and inadequate intake of fruit (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1-2.2). Also, presence of the following factors reduced breast cancer risk: regular menstruation (OR= 0.66; CI=0.4-0.9), duration of breastfeeding more than 12 months, less than 6 months and 7-12 months (OR=0.23; 95% CI=0.09-0.59, OR=0.29; 95% CI=0.17-0.49 and OR=0.03; 95% CI=0.01-0.08) and parity (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.27-0.83) In multiple linear regression analysis of higher education (OR=0.16; 95% CI=0.03-0.77), using contraceptives for more than 16 years (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.4-3.9), family history of other cancers (OR=6.1; 95% CI=1.9-19.3) and a history of X-Ray exposure (OR=4.4; 95% CI=1.07-18.1) were considered as predictive factors. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the importance of informing women about breast cancer risk factors. So, identification of these risk factors is required as important means of prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Corrosion science faces new challenges in various nuclear environments. Three main areas may be identified where increases of knowledge and understanding have been done and are still needed to face the technical needs: (i) the extension of the service time of nuclear power plants from 40 years, as initially planned, to 60 years and probably more as expected now, (ii) the prediction of long term behaviour of metallic materials in nuclear waste disposal where the corrosion processes have to be predicted over large periods of time, some thousands years and more, (iii) the choice of materials for use at very high temperatures as expected in Generation IV power plants in environments like gas (helium), supercritical water, liquid metals or salts. Service time extension, deep geological waste repositories and high temperature reactors sustain researches and developments to model corrosion phenomena at various scales, from atoms to components.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 1996

All the radionuclides in high-level nuclear waste will decay to harmless levels eventually but for some radionuclides decay is so slow that their radiation remains dangerous for times on the order of tens or hundreds of thousands of years. At the present time, the most favorite disposal plan for high-level radioactive waste is a mined geological disposal in which canister enclosing stable solid form of radioactive waste is placed in mined cavities locating hundred meters below the surface. The chief hazard in such disposal is dissolution of radionuclides from the waste in the groundwater that will eventually carry the dissolved radionuclides to surface environments. The hazard from possible escape of the radionuclides through groundwater can be delayed by engineered and geologic barriers. The engineered barriers can become useless by unexpected geologic catastrophe such as volcanism, earthquake, and tectonic movement and by fraudulent work such as careless construction, improperly welded canisters within the first few decades or centuries. As a result, dangerously radioactive waste which is still intensively radioactive is directly exposed to attack by moving groundwater. All the more, it is almost impossible to control repositories for times more than 10,000 years. Therefore, naturally controlled geologic, barriers whose properties will not be changed within 10,000 years are important to guarantee the safety of repositories of high-level radioactive waste. In Sweden and France, the suitability of granite for the mined geological disposal of high-level waste has been studied intensively. According to the research in Sweden and France, granites has the following physio-chemical characteristics which can delay the transportation of radionuclide by groundwater. First, the permeabilities of granites decreases as the depth increases and is $10^{-8}{\sim}10^{-12}m/s$ at depth below 300 m. Second, groundwater at depth below 300 m has pH=7-9 and reducing condition (Eh=-0.1~0.4). This geochemical condition is desirable to prevent both canister and solid waste from corrosion. Third most radionuclides are not transported by low solubilities and some radionuclide with high solubility such as Cs and Sr are retarded by absorption of geologic media through which ground water flows. Therefore, if high-level waste is disposed at depth below 300 m in the granite body which has a low permeability and is geologically stable more than 10,000 years, the safety of repositories from the hazard due to radionuclide escape can guaranteed for more than 10,000 years.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship and route of dental Social Media marketing by age group and support effective dental marketingy by age group. Methods: A study was conducted on 265 people, aged 20 to 64 years, who lived in Seoul, Gyeonggi area and regularly used one or more of the social media platforms, Naver Band, Facebook, Instagram, KakaoStory, Twitter, or YouTube more than once a day. A 27-question questionnaire survey of approximately 10 minutes was conducted, and the collected data was statistically analyzed using the PASW program, with the significane level set to 0.05. Results: "Introduction of acquaintances" was the most common route to visit the dentist. Regarding the use of social media platforms based on age group, 'Instagram' had the highest frequency among people belonging to the age groups of 20 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years; 'YouTube' had the highest frequency among those aged 40 to 49 years; and 'Naver Band' had the highest frequency among those aged 50 to 65 years. Conclusion: The most frequently used social media by consumers according to age included Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram. However, social media was found to have no significant impact on the choice of dental institutions, as the number of people who visited the dentist through "Introduction of acquaintances" was the highest, and "Introduction of acquaintances" did not have experience accessing the dentist site after dental marketing. If this study could provide customized marketing information for each age group through social media, it is expected that the marketing effect of dental institutions through social media would be maximized in the future.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.379-391
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations between eating away from home (EAFH) and overweight and obesity among Ugandan adults using the 2014 Uganda non-communicable disease risk factor survey. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In total, 3,025 participants aged 18-69 years were included in the analysis. The frequency of EAFH was assessed by asking participants the number of meals eaten per week that were not prepared at a home. EAFH frequency was categorized as; less than once/week, 1-2 times/week, or ≥ 3 times/week. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between overweight, obesity, and EAFH. We also tested whether sex and age modified these associations. RESULTS: Participants that ate away from home ≥ 3 times/week were 2.13 times more likely to be obese than those that ate away from home less than once/week (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-3.54). However, when the analysis was stratified by sex, women that ate away from home ≥ 3 times/week were 42% less likely to be overweight than those that ate away from home less than once/week (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.94). Men that ate away from home ≥ 3 times a week were 3.89 times and 2.23 times more likely to be obese and overweight, respectively, than those that ate away from home less than once/week (obesity: OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.50-10.09; overweight: OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.42-3.51). Age-stratified analysis showed that among participants aged 31-50 years, those that ate away from home ≥ 3 times a week were 3.53 times more likely to be obese than those that ate away from home less than once/week (OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.69-7.37). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent EAFH was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men, and obesity among young/middle-aged adults, but negatively associated with overweight in women. Nutritional interventions for obesity reduction in Uganda should include strategies aimed at reducing the frequency of eating meals prepared away from home, and specifically target men and young/middle-aged adults.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.249-260
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• 2013

Objectives: Previous observations propose that risk-taking behaviors such as cigarette smoking are prevailing among young people with chronic conditions including diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cigarette smoking is more prevalent among diabetics than non-diabetics and whether it differs by age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes from young adulthood (YAH) to adulthood (AH). Methods: We used US panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health Study) during the years 2001 to 2002 (Wave III, YAH) and 2007 to 2008 (Wave IV, AH). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cigarette use behaviors according to age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes, after adjusting for demographic and selected behavioral factors. Results: Of 12 175 study participants, 2.6% reported having been diagnosed with diabetes up to AH. Early-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis <13 years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report frequent cigarette smoking (smoking on ${\geq}20$ days during the previous 30 days) in YAH (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.27 to 8.79). On the other hand, late-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis ${\geq}13$ years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report heavy cigarette smoking (smoking ${\geq}10$ cigarettes per day during the previous 30 days) in AH (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.30). Conclusions: The current study indicated that diabetics are more likely than non-diabetics to smoke cigarettes frequently and heavily in YAH and AH. Effective smoking prevention and cessation programs uniquely focused on diabetics need to be designed and implemented.