Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Eating away from home is associated with overweight and obesity among Ugandan adults: the 2014 Uganda non-communicable disease risk factor survey

  • Kityo, Anthony (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Park, Pil-Sook (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2021.06.21
  • Accepted : 2021.12.05
  • Published : 2022.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations between eating away from home (EAFH) and overweight and obesity among Ugandan adults using the 2014 Uganda non-communicable disease risk factor survey. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In total, 3,025 participants aged 18-69 years were included in the analysis. The frequency of EAFH was assessed by asking participants the number of meals eaten per week that were not prepared at a home. EAFH frequency was categorized as; less than once/week, 1-2 times/week, or ≥ 3 times/week. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between overweight, obesity, and EAFH. We also tested whether sex and age modified these associations. RESULTS: Participants that ate away from home ≥ 3 times/week were 2.13 times more likely to be obese than those that ate away from home less than once/week (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-3.54). However, when the analysis was stratified by sex, women that ate away from home ≥ 3 times/week were 42% less likely to be overweight than those that ate away from home less than once/week (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.94). Men that ate away from home ≥ 3 times a week were 3.89 times and 2.23 times more likely to be obese and overweight, respectively, than those that ate away from home less than once/week (obesity: OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.50-10.09; overweight: OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.42-3.51). Age-stratified analysis showed that among participants aged 31-50 years, those that ate away from home ≥ 3 times a week were 3.53 times more likely to be obese than those that ate away from home less than once/week (OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.69-7.37). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent EAFH was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men, and obesity among young/middle-aged adults, but negatively associated with overweight in women. Nutritional interventions for obesity reduction in Uganda should include strategies aimed at reducing the frequency of eating meals prepared away from home, and specifically target men and young/middle-aged adults.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This paper used data from the Uganda 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Uganda Ministry of health with the support of the World Health Organization.

References

  1. Abarca-Gomez L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, Adams RJ, Aekplakorn W, Afsana K, Aguilar-Salinas CA, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2017;390:2627-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
  2. Steyn NP, McHiza ZJ. Obesity and the nutrition transition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014;1311:88-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12433
  3. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants. Lancet 2016;387:1377-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
  4. Mattei J, Malik V, Wedick NM, Campos H, Spiegelman D, Willett W, Hu FB. A symposium and workshop report from the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative: nutrition transition and the global burden of type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr 2012;108:1325-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003200
  5. Cohen DA, Bhatia R. Nutrition standards for away-from-home foods in the USA. Obes Rev 2012;13:618-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.00983.x
  6. Ayo AS, Sserunkuuma D, Bonabana-Wabbi J. Determinants of fast-food consumption in Kampala, Uganda. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev 2012;12:6567-81.
  7. Uganda Ministry of Health. Non Communicable Disease Risk Factor Baseline Survey 2014 [Internet]. Kampala: Uganda Ministry of Health; 2014 [cited 2021 April 21]. Available from: https://www.health.go.ug/cause/non-communicable-disease-risk-factor-baseline-survey/.
  8. Sseguya W, Matovu N, Swann J, Draper A. Contribution of street food to dietary intake of habitual urban consumers: a cross-sectional study in Kampala city, Uganda. Nutr Health 2020;26:187-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260106020919629
  9. Bezerra IN, Sichieri R. Eating out of home and obesity: a Brazilian nationwide survey. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:2037-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009005710
  10. Bezerra IN, Curioni C, Sichieri R. Association between eating out of home and body weight. Nutr Rev 2012;70:65-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00459.x
  11. Nago ES, Lachat CK, Dossa RA, Kolsteren PW. Association of out-of-home eating with anthropometric changes: a systematic review of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014;54:1103-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.627095
  12. Bhutani S, Schoeller DA, Walsh MC, McWilliams C. Frequency of eating out at both fast-food and sit-down restaurants was associated with high body mass index in non-large metropolitan communities in Midwest. Am J Health Promot 2018;32:75-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116660772
  13. Orfanos P, Naska A, Trichopoulos D, Slimani N, Ferrari P, van Bakel M, Deharveng G, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, et al. Eating out of home and its correlates in 10 European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1515-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007000171
  14. Guwatudde D, Mutungi G, Wesonga R, Kajjura R, Kasule H, Muwonge J, Ssenono V, Bahendeka SK. The epidemiology of hypertension in Uganda: findings from the national non-communicable diseases risk factor survey. PLoS One 2015;10:e0138991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138991
  15. Bahendeka S, Wesonga R, Mutungi G, Muwonge J, Neema S, Guwatudde D. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes mellitus in Uganda: a population-based national survey. Trop Med Int Health 2016;21:405-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12663
  16. Wesonga R, Guwatudde D, Bahendeka SK, Mutungi G, Nabugoomu F, Muwonge J. Burden of cumulative risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adults in Uganda: evidence from a national baseline survey. Int J Equity Health 2016;15:195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0486-6
  17. World Health Organization. A Framework for Surveillance The WHO STEPwise Approach to Surveillance of Noncommunicable Diseases (STEPS). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
  18. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation (WHO Technical Report Series 894) [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000 [cited 2021 May 25]. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/.
  19. World Health Organization. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2021 August 16]. Available from: www.who.int/chp/steps.
  20. World Health Organization. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Technical Report Series No. 854. Technical Report Series No. 854. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1995.
  21. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2015 [cited 2021 April 21]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
  22. Seguin RA, Aggarwal A, Vermeylen F, Drewnowski A. Consumption frequency of foods away from home linked with higher body mass index and lower fruit and vegetable intake among adults: a cross-sectional study. J Environ Public Health 2016;2016:3074241. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3074241
  23. Popkin BM, Hawkes C. Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:174-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00419-2
  24. Hall KD, Guo J, Dore M, Chow CC. The progressive increase of food waste in America and its environmental impact. PLoS One 2009;4:e7940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007940
  25. Heymsfield SB, Wadden TA. Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity. N Engl J Med 2017;376:254-66. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1514009
  26. Lachat C, Nago E, Verstraeten R, Roberfroid D, Van Camp J, Kolsteren P. Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: a systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev 2012;13:329-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00953.x
  27. Rosenheck R. Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk. Obes Rev 2008;9:535-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x
  28. Namugumya BS, Muyanja C. Contribution of street foods to the dietary needs of street food vendors in Kampala, Jinja and Masaka districts, Uganda. Public Health Nutr 2012;15:1503-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011002710
  29. van't Riet H, den Hartog AP, van Staveren WA. Non-home prepared foods: contribution to energy and nutrient intake of consumers living in two low-income areas in Nairobi. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:515-22. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001324
  30. Wolfson JA, Bleich SN. Is cooking at home associated with better diet quality or weight-loss intention? Public Health Nutr 2015;18:1397-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014001943
  31. Larson NI, Perry CL, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Food preparation by young adults is associated with better diet quality. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:2001-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.008
  32. Choi MK, Kim TY, Yoon JS. Does frequent eating out cause undesirable food choices? Association of food away from home with food consumption frequencies and obesity among Korean housewives. Ecol Food Nutr 2011;50:263-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2011.568909
  33. French SA, Harnack L, Jeffery RW. Fast food restaurant use among women in the Pound of Prevention study: dietary, behavioral and demographic correlates. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1353-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801429
  34. Heng HL, Guan AT. Factors affecting Malaysian household purchase decisions of food-away-from-home. J Int Food Agribus Mark 2007;19:97-115. https://doi.org/10.1300/J047v19n02_06
  35. van 't Riet H, den Hartog AP, Mwangi AM, Mwadime RK, Foeken DW, van Staveren WA. The role of street foods in the dietary pattern, of two low-income groups in Nairobi. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55:562-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj/ejcn/1601183
  36. van 't Riet H, den Hartog AP, Hooftman DA, Foeken DW, van Staveren WA, Van Staveren WA. Determinants of non-home-prepared food consumption in two low-income areas in Nairobi. Nutrition 2003;19:1006-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00183-7
  37. Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D, Laska MN, Story M. Young adults and eating away from home: associations with dietary intake patterns and weight status differ by choice of restaurant. J Am Diet Assoc 2011;111:1696-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.007