• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.569-583
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• 2004

The rock properties of the West pagoda in the Gameunsaji temple site are composed mainly of dark grey porphyritic granodiorite with medium grained equigranular texture and developed with small numerous dioritic xenoliths. These xenoliths occurred with small holes due to different weathering processes. As a weathering results, the rock properties of this pagoda occur wholly softened to physical hardness because of a complex result of petrological, meteorological and biological causes. Southeastern part of the pagoda deteriorated seriously that the surface of rock blocks showed partially exfoliations, fractures, open cavities in course of granular decomposition of minerals, sea water spray and crystallization of salt from the eastern coast. The Joint between blocks has small or large fracture cross each other, contaminated and corrupted for inserting with concrete, cement mortar, rock fragments and iron plates, and partially accelerated coloration and fractures. There are serious contamination materials of algae, fungus, lichen and bryophytes on the margin and the surface on the roof stone of the pagoda, so it'll require conservation treatment biochemically for releasing vegetation inhabiting on the surface and the discontinuous plane of the blocks because of adding the weathering activity of stones and growing weeds naturally by soil processing on the fissure zone. Consisting rock for the conservation and restoration of the pagoda would be careful choice of new rock properties and epoxy to reinforce for the deterioration surfaces. For the attenuation of secondary contamination and surface humidity, the possible conservation treatments are needed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1996

Sulfate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulfides may have great potential to improve water quality of mine effluents in wetland treatment systems. Laboratory experiments using sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and limestone to treat effluents from the abandoned Dalsung tungsten-copper mine show that encouraging results, that have been attributed to sulfate reduction. Fe, Al, Cd, Cu and Zn are reduced to below detection limits with $99{\sim}100%$ metal removal rates, Mn is reduced by at least 90% to below 8.0 mg/l, and the pH is raised from 5.12 to 7.60 after 53 days of experiments. In the staged design, laboratory experiments are initiated to determine what would be reasonable substrate materials for remediation of the mine effluents. A substrate mixture containing 70% oak compost and 30% mushroom compost maintains $0.03{\sim}0.04mM$ of lactate, which provides good condition for the SRB granule. A downflow SRB wetland system is proposed as follows : 1) The lower part of the treatment system consists with a 25 cm thick layer of high quality (above 95% of $CaCO_3$) of limestone; 2) The geotextile (geonet) is recommended to be spread on the limestone bed to prevent clogging the limestones with the substrates; 3) The mixture of substrates with 70% oak and 30% spent mushroom composts, and SRB granules overlain on top of the geonet with 25 cm height. The sizes of the passive treatment systems are calculated according to metal loading and permeability criteria : 1) $220m^3$ ($15{\times}15{\times}1m$) for -1 level effluents; 2) $28m^3$ ($5.3{\times}5.3{\times}1m$) for -2 level; and 3) $2700m^3$ ($52{\times}52{\times}1m$) for the -3 level. The -3 level system needs to be broken down into 5 to 15 cells.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.77-88
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• 2016

Chrysotile is a 1:1 sheet silicate mineral belonging to serpentine group. It has been highlighted studies because of uses, shapes and structural characteristics of the fibrous chrysotile. However, it was designated as Class 1 carcinogen, so high attentions were being placed on detoxification studies of chrysotile. The objectives of this study were to investigate changes of mineralogical characteristics of chrysotile and to suggest detoxification mechanism of chrysotile by thermal decomposition. Samples for this study were obtained from LAB Chrysotile mine in Canada. The samples were heated in air in the range of 600 to $1,300^{\circ}C$. Changes of mineralogical characteristics such as crystal structure, shape, and chemical composition of the chrysotile fibers were examined by TG-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, TEM-EDS and SEM-EDS analyses. As a result of thermal decomposition, the fibrous chrysotile having hollow tube structure was dehydroxylated at $600-650^{\circ}C$ and transformed to disordered chrysotile by removal of OH at the octahedral sheet (MgOH) (Dehydroxylation 1). Upon increasing temperature, it was transformed to forsterite ($Mg_2SiO_4$) at $820^{\circ}C$ by rearrangement of Mg, Si and O (Dehydroxylation 2). In addition, crystal structure of forsterite had begun to transform at $800^{\circ}C$, and gradually grown 3-dimensionally to enstatite ($MgSiO_3$) by recrystallization after the heating above $1,100^{\circ}C$. And then finally transformed to spherical minerals. This study showed chrysotile structure was collapsed about $600-700^{\circ}C$ by dehydroxylation. And then the fibrous chrysotile was transformed to forsterite and enstatite, as non-hazardous minerals. Therefore, this study indicates heat treatment can be used to detoxification of chrysotile.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2004

The Shihwa constructed wetland was established for the treatment of severely polluted water from Banwoul, Donghwa and Samhwa streams. This study was focused on investigating dynamics of phytoplankton communities in open waters and periphytic algae on reed (Phragmites communis) planting area at 5 stations from October 2001 to July 2002. The concentration of T-N and T-P of inlet stations from the streams were decreased by flowed through the wetland. However, the TN/TP ratios at all stations were shown as a little over 16 indicating that the T-P will play some role as a limitation factor. Phytoplankton communities were identified as a total 413 taxa which were composed of 375 species, 21 varieties, 2 forma and 15 unidentified species. Standing crops of phytoplankton communities and chlorophyll-a concentrations ranged from $330{\sim}36,420\;cells/mL$ and $2.5{\sim}170.7\;{\mu}g/L$ respectively, and showed the decreasing tendency after flowing through the wetland at almost all stations. Dominant species were 14 taxa at all stations which were Euglena oblonga and Synura spinosa etc. Periphytic algae on the reed were a total 329 taxa which were composed of 295 species, 13 varieties, 3 forma and 17 unidentified species. The species numbers were recorded in order of Chlorophyceae-Bascillariophyceae-Cyanophyceae-Euglenophyceae-Chrysophyceae. The relative abundance (%) was showed a seasonal variation from Cyanophyceae to Bascillariophyceae and to Chlorophyceae. Chlorophyll-a concentrations, ie. the biomass of periphytic algae were ranged from $5.5{\sim}363.8\;mg/m^2$. Dominant species were 16 taxa which were Lyngbya angusta of Cyanophyceae in the early investigation, and were changed to Stigeoclonium lubricum of Chlorophyceae, and Nitzschia plea of Bacillariophyceae etc. in the late. Species number, standing crops and chlorophyll-a concentrations of phytoplankton and perphytic algae were shown higher values at the inlet stations than the stations after flowing through the wetland.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.35
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• pp.329-346
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• 2014

Art is the product from the combination of politics, economy, and social and cultural aspects. Recent development of digital media has affected on the expansion of visual expression in art. Digital media allow artists to use sound and physical interaction as well as image as an plastic element for making a work of art. Also, digital media help artists create an interactive, synaesthetic and visual perceptive environment by combining viewers' physical interaction with the reconstruction of image, sound, light, and among other plastic elements. This research was focused on the analysis of the relationship between images in art work and the viewer and data visualization using sound from the perspective of visual perception. This research also aimed to develop an interactive art by visualizing physical data with sound generating from outer stimulus or the viewer. Physical data generating from outer sound can be analyzed in various aspects. For example, Sound data can be analyzed and sampled within pitch, volume, frequency, and etc. This researcher implemented a new form of media art through the visual experiment of LED light triggered by sound frequency generating from viewers' voice or outer physical stimulus. Also, this researcher explored the possibility of various visual image expression generating from the viewer's reaction to illusionary characteristics of light(LED), which can be transformed within external physical data in real time. As the result, this researcher used a motif from Piet Mondrian's Broadway Boogie Woogie in order to implement a visual perceptive interactive work reacting with sound. Mondrian tried to approach at the essence of visual object by eliminating unnecessary representation elements and simplifying them in painting and making them into abstraction consisting of color, vertical and horizontal lines. This researcher utilized Modrian's simplified visual composition as a representation metaphor in oder to transform external sound stimulus into the element of light(LED), and implemented an environment inducing viewers' participation, which is a dynamic composition maximizing a synaesthetic expression, differing from Modrian's static composition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2007

This study was carried out to develop a water quality simulation model for the evaluation of an ungauged watershed. For this purpose, the WASP5 model was selected and modified. The model consists of three sub-models, LOAD-M, DYN-M, and EUT-M. LOAD-M, an empirical model, estimates runoff loadings using point and non-point source data of villages. The Geum River Estuary watershed was selected to calibrate and verify the Modified-WASP5. The LOAD-M model was established using field data of water quality and quantity at the gauging stations of the watershed and was applied to the ungauged watersheds, taking the watershed properties into consideration. The result of water quality simulation using Modified-WASP5 shows that the observed average BOD data from Gongju and Ganggyeong were 2.6 mg/L and 2.8 mg/L, and the simulated data were 2.5 mg/L and 2.4 mg/L, respectively. Generally, simulation results were in good agreement with the observed data. This study focused on formulating an integrated model for evaluating ungauged watersheds. Even though simulation results varied slightly due to limited availability of data, the model developed in this study would be a useful tool for the assessment and management of ungauged watersheds.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to produce herbicide resistant potatoes hawing only chimeric phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) genes without using antibiotic selectable marker. The pDY502 vector having only PAT gene was reconstructed for transformation of potato. The reconstructed vector was introduced to Agrobacterium tumefaciens MP90 disarmed, and they were used for potato transformation. Hormonal requirement for plant regeneration from leaves and stem explants of potato was investigated. From this experiment, MS medium treated with IBA 0.1 mg/L + BA 0.5 mg/L was the best for potato regeneration, and the ratio of shoot regeneration was 54% for leaf and 46% for stem in that condition. For transformation, explants of potato leaves and stems were cocultured with A. tumefaciens MP90 containing reconstructed vector harvoring only PAT gene. When the potato explants were placed on various concentrations of bialaphos and all the potato explants were dead on medium with over 5.0mg/L bialaphos. By this selection methods, the explants cocultured with Agrobacterium produced the putative transgenic shoots on medium with 5mg/L bialaphos treatment after 3-4 weeks. Second selection was performed by transferring the shoot tips of putative transgenic to medium containing 20mg/L of bialaphos. The shoot tips grew well on the second selection medium, indicating the production of successful transgenic plants. But normal shoots were dead in same cytotoxic medium. Incorporation of the PAT gene into transgenic potatos were confirmed by PCR analysis of DNA and Southern hybridization. These results show that the PAT gene can serve as a selectable marker and herbicide resistant genes for transformation of potato.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.343-355
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• 1985

Spectral reflectivity and microhardness were measured quantitatively on polished surfaces of a selection of bireflecting minerals obtained from several well known metallic deposits. Incremental errors are much higher than decremental errors and errors were found to be lowest in the spectral region close to the green wavelength ($544m{\mu}$). The characteristics of the spectral profile are significant in their control of white light color. The covellite and graphite have reflectivity profiles similar in shape for each principal direction, showing noticeable difference in magnitude between the profiles: The spectral reflectivity of covellite parallel to the extraordinary vibration is higher (R$$\simeq_-$$10%) than that parallel to the ordinary vibration and graphite shows opposite feature. Reflectivity of the enargite and famatinite cut parallel to the cleavage plane is always higher (R$$\simeq_-$$5%) than that of the section cut normal. The optical symmetry of 5 bireflecting minerals was determined by noting the variation in reflectivity at $544m{\mu}$. The data indicate that covellite is optically uniaxial positive and graphite is optically uniaxial negative. The Rm values for enargite and famatinite are clearly closer to the minimum value for the mineral ($R_1$) than to the maximum value ($R_2$) : the minerals can be recognized as optically biaxial positive. Enargite and famatinite cut parallel to cleavage have much higher hardness values (HV=> $200kg/mm^2$) than those cut normal to cleavage. Vickers indentations exhibit characteristic features for all the bireflecting mineral species studied. Broad radicle groupings of the mineral species can be made with regard to the reflectivity microhardness numbers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2000

Seasonal variations of dominant algae species and the effects of these algae on coagulation and filteration of water treatment were investigated at Chilseo water treatment plant in downstream of Nakdong river from January in 1995 to Desember of 1998. The water quality of Nakdong river was found to be a hyper eutrophic state during the investigation periods. In the measurement, Chlorophyll-a contents ranged $20.7{\sim}180.9{\mu}g/l$ and total nitrogen contents(T-N) and total phosphorus contents(T-P) exceeded more than 3.4mg/l and 0.1mg/l, respectively. The changes in dominant algae species was in the order of Stepanodiscus sp., Asterionella sp., Melosira sp., Microcystis sp. and Synedra sp. from spring to winter. Microcystis sp. especially, was blooming during summer and Synedra sp. and Stepanodiscus sp. during winter. Although most diatomous algae appeared in the water treatment process caused filter clogging and reduced efficiency of coagulation and sedimentation, Synedra sp. and Stepanodiscus sp were revealed as the main trouble algae. Malfunction of water treatment process caused by Synedra sp. and Stepanodiscus sp. started at the algae concentrations of 800cells/ml and 1,820cells/ml, respectively. When chlorophyll-a content was $18.9{\mu}g/l$, the optimum amounts of coagulant were found to be 40mg/l of Alum and 16mg/l of PACS. Under condition of chlorophyll-a content of $154.1{\mu}g/l$, addition of Alum at the level of 75mg/l and PACS at the level of 35mg/l showed the lowest turibidity. The result indicates that increased amounts of the coagulants should be added for a better water treatment as chlorophyll-a contents increased. Addition of Alum at the amount of 60mg/l and 30mg/l of PACS removed Stepanodiscus sp. algae at the rate of 85% and 83%, respectively. In case of Synedra sp., 50mg/l of Alum and 25mg/l of PACS showed removal rates of 79% and 81%, respectively. Synedra sp. algae at the standing crops of 1,500cells/ml started filter clogging and a filtering process was completely inhibited after 8 hours. At this situation the filter clogging by Synedra sp. algae occurred at the depth of 5cm from the top anthracite layer. On the other, other algae did filter clogging at the depth of 10cm.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1986

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical factors of Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. and Quercus mongolica Fisher barks affecting on the adsorption of heavy metals. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. With decreasing the particle size of bark, the adsorption rate of two heavy metal ions were increased. In case of using same particle size, the adsorption of $Fe^{++}$, and $Ni^{++}$ by Quercus bark showed higher than by Pinus bark. 2. The effect of untreated bark on the adsorption of heavy metal was more or less 5% higher than that of HCHO-treated bark in both species. But the color absorbances of the filtrates from HCHO-treated Pinus and Quercus barks were 5.8 and 11.8 times smaller than those of the filtrate from untreated Pinus and Quercus barks, respectively. 3. The maximum adsorption of $Fe^{++}$, and $Ni^{++}$ by bark was shown after 30 min. of the reaction. 4. With increasing the concentration of heavy metal, the amount of adsorption by bark was increased, but the adsorption ratio were decreased. 5. The maximum adsorption of $Fe^{++}$, and $Ni^{++}$ appeared at final pH of $4{\sim}5$, and pH of $3.6{\sim}4.0$ in filtrate, respectively. 6. With increasing the bark weight per a given heavy metal solution, the adsorption ratio were increased, but the amount of adsorption per gram of bark was the highest on the reaction with 2g of bark in a economical sense showing the amount of adsorption of 21mg $Fe^{++}$/g and 7mg $Ni^{++}$/g of Pinus bark, 36mg $Fe^{++}$/g and 9mg $Ni^{++}$/g of Quercus bark, respectively.