• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-130
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• 2008

Using data from the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS), this study investigates private income transfers in Korea, where adult children have undertaken the most responsibility of supporting their elderly parents without well-established social safety net for the elderly. According to the KLIPS data, three out of five households provided some type of support for their aged parents and two out of five households of the elderly received financial support from their adult children on a regular base. However, the private income transfers in Korea are not enough to alleviate the impact of the fall in the earned income of those who retired and are approaching an age of needing financial assistance from external source. The monthly income of those at least the age of 75, even with the earning of their spouses, is below the staggering amount of 450,000 won, which indicates that the elderly in Korea are at high risk of poverty. In order to analyze microeconomic factors affecting the private income transfers to the elderly parents, the following three samples extracted from the KLIPS data are used: a sample of respondents of age 50 or older with detailed information on their financial status; a five-year household panel sample in which their unobserved family-specific and time-invariant characteristics can be controlled by the fixed-effects model; and a sample of the younger split-off household in which characteristics of both the elderly household and their adult children household can be controlled simultaneously. The results of estimating private income transfer models using these samples can be summarized as follows. First, the dominant motive lies on the children-to-parent altruistic relationship. Additionally, another is based on exchange motive, which is paid to the elderly parents who take care of their grandchildren. Second, the amount of private income transfers has negative correlation with the income of the elderly parents, while being positively correlated with the income of the adult children. However, its income elasticity is not that high. Third, the amount of private income transfers shows a pattern of reaching the highest level when the elderly parents are in the age of 75 years old, following a decreasing pattern thereafter. Fourth, public assistance, such as the National Basic Livelihood Security benefit, appears to crowd out private transfers. Private transfers have fared better than public transfers in alleviating elderly poverty, but the role of public transfers has been increasing rapidly since the welfare expansion after the financial crisis in the late 1990s, so that one of four elderly people depends on public transfers as their main income source in 2003. As of the same year, however, there existed and occupied 12% of the elderly households those who seemed eligible for the National Basic Livelihood benefit but did not receive any public assistance. To remove elderly poverty, government may need to improve welfare delivery system as well as to increase welfare budget for the poor. In the face of persistent elderly poverty and increasing demand for public support for the elderly, which will lead to increasing government debt, welfare policy needs targeting toward the neediest rather than expanding universal benefits that have less effect of income redistribution and heavier cost. Identifying every disadvantaged elderly in dire need for economic support and providing them with the basic livelihood security would be the most important and imminent responsibility that we all should assume to prepare for the growing aged population, and this also should accompany measures to utilize the elderly workforce with enough capability and strong will to work.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.86-97
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• 2011

This study analyzed the necessity of the tentatively-named "Framework Act on Landscape Architecture" as an umbrella law in the field of landscape architecture regarding legal, industrial, and academic aspects and is intended to provide basic data to suggest the optimal legal system and legislative proceedings to control it. This study can be summarized as follows: First, a form of framework act on landscape architecture is appropriate for a compromise between ideal type and political framework. Some content is suitable for proclamatory character including present and future issue related to the landscape architecture fields. Second, legislative proceedings are more reasonable as motions coming from assembly proposals rather than government. Motions by assembly proposal recommend the following procedure: submission of a legislative bill by an assemblyperson, passing of a permanent commission, review by government, leading approval by emphasis on correspondence with the principle to carry out government affairs, proclamation. Third, a frame based on content and form can be made up of a total of 7 chapters 34 articles. The function must include the following: the suggestion of direction for government policy, the systematization of the institution and what it includes, the control of government administration, a public service system regarding public relations for landscape architecture and so on. The results of this study will form a social consensus about the necessity of a framework act regarding landscape architecture fields and contribute to informing the importance of landscape architecture as related to other industrial fields.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2015

Although the perfomance indicators of the nuclear power plants in Korea show optimal, it requires detailed analysis and discussion centered on the radiation dose. As analysis methods, analysis on the radiation dose of nuclear power plants over the past five years was assessed by comparing the relevant radiation dose of radiation workers and per capita average annual radiation dose of the world's major nuclear power stations was also analyzed. The radiation workers over the annual radiation dose limit of 50 mSv were not. The contrast ratio of the radiation exposure according to the reactor type was the normal operation of PHWR was 6.2% higher than those of the PWR. This shows the radiation work of PHWR during normal driving operation is much more than those of PWR. According to the Performance Indicators of the World Association of Nuclear Operator, the annual radiation dose per unit in 2013 showed 527 man-mSv of Korea is the best country among the major nuclear power generating states, the world average was 725 man-mSv. The annual per capita radiation dose is about 80% less than 1 mSv of the public dose limit and also the average per capita dose showed a very low level as 0.82 mSv. Workers in related organizations showed 1.07 mSv, the non-destructive inspection agency workers showed 3.87 mSv. The remarkable results were due to radiation reduced program such as development of radiation shielding and radiation protection. In conclusion, the radiation exposured dose of nuclear power plants workers in Korea showed a trend which is ideally reduced. But more are expected to be difficul and the psychological insecurity against the operation of the nuclear power plants is existed to the residents near the nuclear power plants. So the radiation dose reduction policy and radiation dose follow up study of nuclear power plants will be continously excuted.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.59-158
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• 2005

When a military aircraft suffers damages due to the defects in its design, manufacturing or notification, all of which are generally understood as products liability defects, the obvious compensation is sought as it would in other consumer good case. However, there exist clear yet unappreciated difference between general consumer goods and military aircraft, as far as products liability law is concerned - some sort of recovery should be obtained even when there exist only defects, not damages, to the aircraft because of the implication of defective parts is much grave than what can be expected in a consumer goods case. While certain anticipatory measures do exist in manual or at negotiation stages for the safety of military aircraft, such measures are ineffective, if not ambiguous, in recovery effort in the post-accident stage In another word, the standardized military procurement contract manuals and boilerplate forms do not appreciate the unique and dangerous military nature of military aircraft. There are many unique legal issues which can arise when trying to prevent defective aircraft or parts, or to recover compensations for accident due to such defects. At two-level, the government should establish legal system (or countermeasures if you'd like) for purchasing safer military aircraft. First, one should be able to work with legal ground and policy that allows selecting and purchasing safer goods - the purpose of such contract is not litigious, but rather in acquiring what are most reliable. Second, in case the defects do arise and lead to damages, solid legal principles and instructions should be established for effectively pursuing appropriate company, (usually a aerospace industry giant with much experience) for products liability - the purpose of such pursuit is inevitable for a public official, since he or she is no private business man with much flexibilities, even to the point of waiving such compensatory right for future business purposes. This article tries to identify problems in methods of procuring military aircraft or parts - after reviewing on how the military can improve on legal and policy grounds for procuring what will be the focus of future military strength, it will offer some of the ways to effectively handling and resolving a liability issues.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 2007

Attempts were made to define the elements of debates, impact of decisions of the Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing(ABS) of the Conference of the Parties(COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) In Korea. Providing policy suggestions to cope with ABS, a cross-cutting issue of the meetings of the COP, was also undertaken. Meetings concerning ABS deal with several key matters such as an international regime, which is a legally binding implementation tool of the Bonn Guidelines, an international certificate of genetic resources' origin/source/legal provenance, and disclosure of origin of genetic resources, compliance measures with prior informed consent of the Contracting Parties providing such resources and with mutually agreed terms on which access was granted. Developing countries, rich in biodiversity and genetic resources, use the CBD as a major tool to maximize their national profits. They demand for national sovereign rights for the genetic resources and indigenous communities providing associated traditional knowledge. At the meetings of the COP, in addition, they requested that developed countries should transfer technologies and provide a financial mechanism for resource conservation to them. On the contrary, the developed countries argue that facilitating access to genetic resources is essential for scientific research and development, and that both Intellectual Property Rights and biotechnology using genetic resources should be protected to maximize their national benefits. Decisions of the COP concerning the Bonn Guidelines and compliance measures with ABS will affect on various socioeconomic fields of Korea, a country which is short of genetic resources. Especially, the importation of genetic resources and land development which might damage genetic resources will be limited seriously. Consequently, overall expenses will increase for the securing genetic resources from the foreign countries and developing biotechnology for conservation and sustainable uses of genetic resources. To minimize the adverse impacts, we endeavor to establish our clear standpoint and to lead the international trends, which are favorable for us. In order to achieve these objectives, government needs i) to proceed researches to lead the international ABS debates actively and to prepare the expected decisions of the future meetings of the COP, ii) to establish a national implementation plan to cope with the ABS and its related decisions, iii) to examine and improve the efficiencies of the national implementation plan with a proper monitoring system, and iv) cope with the other international meetings including the meetings of Trade Related Intellectual Properly Rights and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture actively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.89-123
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• 1996

The world has moved from the Cold War between the east and the west and moved toward the age without idealogy. It places emphasis on economic benefit and welfare of its own nation as its main point With this world trend, in order to sam the competitiveness and the reconciliation of the divided nation the north and the south Korea should be united. Once the north and the south are united, information society will be altered with the huge flow of the civilization. At the same time, the issue of how to operate library policies and system, in which effective acquisition, manipulation, accumulation, and dissemination of information un would be very important. From this point of view, the following conclusions are obtained in this study. Firstly, when building a national library preparing for the national unification. it is essential to introduce 1) the concept of policy and system for information society and 2) that of policy and system which has national-culture as its focus. Secondly, it is essential to prepare the cooperative-structure between libraries prior to the national unification. This kind of cooperation should gradually expand to an extent that allows actual benefits such as building union catalog, inter-library loan system, resource sharing, standardized cataloging rules, and exchange of dissertation... etc. Thirdly, developing the library policies and systems for the national unification must be based on the concept of the mutual cooperation as inter-dependent model rather than on the concept of the incorporation-absorption as a dominant model. The next point the principles of the followings in preparing the library policies should be considered: 1) free-competition, 2) revolution of consciousness through the social education, 3) independence and love for humanity, 4) scientific or reasonable thinking, 5) job responsibility, 6) democratic citizenship, 7) mind far collective life, 8) spirit of public interest 9) globalization In addition, the model of the library systems preparing for thenational unification should include the followings : 1) uniformity of library system and its authority, 2) establishment of research institutes for library policy and system, 3) exchange of library establishment and information resources, 4) building library networks, 5) establishment of education systems for the library and information science and enhancement of its quality, 6) modernizing and developing information technology and its transfer. Finally, the libraries in the north and the south has different concepts, goals, information resources, and the different ways of using them. Considering the practical aspects of the libraries and the reasons for their existence, they must structure the mutual cooperative system so as to minimize the shock when confronting the social changes, so-called the national unification.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.4 s.38
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• pp.133-156
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• 2005

This study clarifies the concept of the education content relevance in order to evaluate the content relevance of Technology & Home Economics in a secondary school, and design its standards based on the preceding study. In other words, four standards such as the amount of studying content, the degree of difficulty, the validity of contents and the sequence of contents are established. Also, a survey on the current status of nationwide units targeting students, teachers, and professors was conducted to collect actual data about relevance evaluation. The results are as follows. First, as for the evaluation in terms of the amount of studying content, the majority of respondents answered that it decreased by about $30\%$ when compared to the 6th Technology & Home Economics Curriculum However, middle school teachers pointed out that the number of classes is not enough considering the fact that it's an activity-oriented subject. So, they acknowledged that the amount of study time during a Technology Sl Home Economics class is 'quite a lot.' Second, the evaluation in the degree of difficulty is divided into two responses. Teachers responded that it's reasonable overall, but according to students, it's difficult. Especially, the chapters that students don't understand well including 'The Elements of Draftsmanship,"' 'Understanding of Machinery,' 'Electronics & Electricity Technology,' and 'Energy & Transportation Technology.' In the Home Economics area, 'The Design of Home Life' is the only chapter that students don't understand well. Third, as for the validity of contents, the chapters that were not considered as important considering the objective of Technology Sl Home Economics Curriculum include 'The Elements of Draftsmanship,' 'Computer & Processing,' and 'The Management of Resources and Environment.' Fourth, as for the sequence of contents, the survey was conducted including the name of the course asone of the survey items. The majority of teachers wanted it as it is, but the Professors of education colleges who wanted the 3rd name to connect the course with the elementary school course was a little more $(50.5\%)$ than the ones who don't want any changes $(45.5\%)$. The follow-up study should correct and complement the standards that this study suggested through analytic and critical review according to the character & goal of the subject. Based on such standards, the evaluation of content relevance should be continued to realize the quality control of the curriculum systematically.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to identify the spatial foundation units required to execute a rural village landscape plan. Though there have been various previous studies on spatial foundation units for rural space and landscape elements, they are limited in clarifying the landscape identity of a rural village unit in creating a feasible a rural village landscape plan. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the natural spatial features of a rural village and then establish a landscape identity for each space by exploring the landscape elements for each rural village unit set as the basic unit. Accordingly, the basic spatial unit was analyzed through a 1:5000 scale mapping by applying geomancy theory to the spatial landscape unit in a naturally generated rural village. The spatial limitations for a rural village landscape were set based on the analysis. Afterwards, a field study on the feasibility of whether or not setting a space as the basic unit for landscape could have a sense of identity as a single landscape unit for verification was processed, and the spatial limitations for the landscape were adjusted. Moreover, landscape elements were investigated by classifying landscape resources based on rural amenity resources which have been diversely researched in terms of the set spatial boundaries, and the sense of identity for each landscape foundation unit was looked into. While the numerous preceding studies focused on exploring the rural landscape value and findingout the sense of identity on landscape elements, it is high time for feasible and applicable studies in conducting region-specific landscape plans. In particular, similar outcomes from all landscape plans, even those with the same purpose established in various regions, is not a desirable outcome. Therefore, a basic framework is needed to discover the landscape identity generated by each plan in a rural area space. In this sense, this study is significant in that itcan be utilized to establish spatial identity of each region and landscape features of each rural village, and come up with realistic alternatives in landscape plans for each region by exploring the landscape identity in each specific space divided per watershed in a single zone.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.163-177
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• 2020

Purpose: While it is very important to maintain facilities recently, the introduction and its application of high technology in the facility maintenance industry has increased. It is necessary for high technology to secure reliability through the verification and certification system of diagnostic equipment to have an effective impact in the field, but there is difference between the industry's perspective and realistic level of technology apart from social demand for the system of the system. This paper dealt with the introduction of a verification and certification system for rational facility diagnostic equipment with the opinion survey on managers about the current situation. Method: Survey is carried out targeting managers in the maintenance and construction regarding the necessity and urgency of introducing a verification and certification system to promote the introduction and its application of high technology of diagnostic equipment and facility inspection. Also, the introduction to a verification and certification system was reviewed for advanced facility diagnostic equipment through foreign research about similar systems and comparative analysis of similar systems related to the certification of 21 domestic equipment. Result: It showed that, regarding the application of high technology, it is necessary for most managers to introduce high technology such as drones, robots, etc., in the maintenance industry, and when high technology is introduced, it will have a considerable effect in the field. On the other hand, the current technology level in Korea is relatively low, so it turned out to take a certain amount of time for the application of technology. Also, it was found that the management of reliable facility diagnostic equipment will be possible through the introduction of the verification and certification system for facility diagnosis equipment. Meanwhile, the survey is conducted on similar systems about foreign and domestic diagnosis and measuring equipment, etc., but there is no system to verify and certify equipment applied with high technology directly to facility diagnosis maintenance. However, because Japan has a system of verifying the performance of diagnostic equipment and South Korea has 21 similar inspection and diagnostic equipment certification systems among 186 certification systems, it is considered to be possible to design systems which utilize them. Conclusion: According to the managers' opinion, it seems that the introduction of the system supporting the application of 4th industrial technology for the equipment and the use of the equipment with high reliability has sufficient validity. However, because our high technology level is undervalued compared to the urgency, the system for checking high technology facilities and certifying diagnostic equipment should be to be implemented in form of escalation considering technical use and verification level. Apart from the introduction of the verification and certification system, it is necessary for special investment, support and efforts to promote advanced facility diagnostic equipment.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.325-354
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• 2013

The concept of national security and the fundamental system for crisis management have departed from traditional methods and the importance of a national critical infrastructure crisis management has been emphasized. A national critical infrastructure crisis means a situation where human resource, material and functional system that may have a material effect on the critical functions of the government, the vitality and integrity of society, national economy and the safety of the public becomes disabled due to causes such as terrorism or major disasters. Although North Korea had been subject to numerous rounds of negotiations and sanctions as it continually developed nuclear weapons since the 1960s, it has also showed off its nuclear armaments through successful nuclear testings and missile launches. As the development and threat of North Korea's weapons of mass destruction becomes more noticeable and the range of its risk expands, this study focuses on the potential for an absence of leadership for national crisis management where the country's leadership, which should serve the critical role and function of handling national crises, becomes completely destroyed by the unexpected initial attacks by North Korea. As a result, the purpose of this study is to propose safety measures for the country's leadership in preparation for North Korea's threat of nuclear weapons by examining the concept and degree of risk of weapons of mass destruction with a focus on nuclear weapons, analyzing the substance of the threat of North Korean nuclear weapons and evaluating such threat. In conclusion, first, to ensure the normal functioning of a national crisis management system in the event of a national crisis, we must seek safety measures that conform to the scope and succession order of the leadership of the national crisis management for an Enduring Constitutional Government (ECG) and the Continuity Of Operations (COOP). Second, in the event of a national ceremony, the gathering of the country's leadership all together in an open place should be avoided. In unavoidable circumstances, the next in rank that will act on behalf of the current leader should be designated and relevant safety measures should be taken. Third, during time of peace, in preparation for national crises, the scope of protection for the country's leadership should be prescribed and specific security and safety measures should be implemented. Fourth, the succession order for acting president in the case of the death of the president pursuant to Articles 71 and 26(1) of the National Government Organization Act should reconsidered to see whether it is a reasonable provision that takes into consideration a national crisis management that corresponds to the threat of North Korean nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction. Pursuant to the Basic Guidelines for National Crisis Management set out under Presidential Directive No. 229, the Korean government is currently operating a case-by-case "crisis management standard manual" and its sub-manuals and has also prepared the Presidential Security Service's security and safety measure regulations regarding the acting president. Therefore, the Korean government should actualize the above points in the case-by-case crisis management standard manual and security and safety measure regulations regarding the acting president to implement and legislate them.