• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 1998

유성구 장대동 지역의 홀로세 하성퇴적층에서 보존 상태가 양호한 화분, 포자가 풍 부하게 산출되었다. 이들 미화석산출을 근거로하여 두 개의 화부대가 설정되었다. 제 I 화분 대는 낙엽성활엽수의 목본화분이 풍부하게 산출괴며 반면에 초본화분은 상대적으로 빈약한 상태로 산출되는 것이 특징이다. 제 II화분대는 초본화분 중 벼과(재배종)화분이 우점으로 산출되며 소나무속도 비교적 풍부하게 산출되는 반면 낙엽성활엽수의 목본화분은 빈약하게 산출되는 것이 특징이다. 시대설정은 인접한 지역에서 화분분석과 함께 절대연령측정이 수 행된 기존의 연구자료와 비교하여 이루어졌다. 따라서 제 I화분대는 1,500 year B.P 이전 제 II화분대는 1,500 year B.P∼현재를 나타낸다. 제 I화분대에서는 인간간섭의 영향을 받기 전 인 자연식생관계를 나타내지만 제 II화분대에서는 농경과 벌목이 본격적으로 시작된 시기로 나타났다, 기후조건은 제 I화분대 동안은 온난한 온대의 습한 환경이었고, 제 Ii화분대 동안 은 현재와 비슷한 한랭한 온대의 습한 환경이었던 것으로 판단된다, 인간의 정착과 농경생 활의 시기에 대한 해석에 있어서 화분분석자료와 고고학자료가 서로 잘 일치하는 것으로 본 연구에서는 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The pollen of the sediments from the Lake Hane were analysed for reconstruction of vegetation history around Ohda-City in Southwest Japan, and the correlation with the pollen zone reported for the Lake Shinji. From the pollen assemblages of 29 samples from core OH94 (19.7 m), two pollen zone were established, and they were subdivided into five subzones in ascending order as following; Cyclobalanopsis-Catanopsis pollen zone (Cyclobalanopsis subzone, Catanopsis subzone and, Podocarpus subzone), and Gramineae pollen zone (Cryptomeria subzone and Cyclobalanopsis-Quercus subzone). The K-Ah volcanic ash is identified in the Cyclobalanopsis-Catanopsis pollen zone. We estimated the beginning of the Cyclobalanopsis-Catanopsis pollen zone was before c.a. 6,300 BP.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1999

A palynological investigation of the Annyeong-ri, Hwasung-gun Gyeonggi-do, in where Yung-Nung and Gun-Nung are located, was carried out for the first time. From the pollen analysis, two pollen zones are established: Pollen Zone I : Ainus-Quercus-Pinus and Pollen Zone Ⅱ : Pinus. Pollen Zone I is characterized by Mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved vegetation during about 3,500 yr. B.P.-2,000 yr. B.P., while after 2,000 yr. B.P. Pollen Zone Ⅱ appears to be Coniferous vegetation and Evergreen broadleaved vegetation. The former reflects there was a lowland fluvio-lacustrine environment before fully lacustrine one which represents the latter. Pollen analysis indicates the vegetation before 2,000 yr. B.P. was controled by environmental factor such as climate conditions, whereas after that time vegetation was strongly effected by human's impact. It is concluded that pollen analysis is useful to find out the relationship between vegetation history and man's interference. In addition freshwater algae play to tell the lake environments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.869-875
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• 1997

The chemical components of Korean pollens and pollen extracts were analysed to provide fundamental data for pollen processing and products development. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate of pollens were $14.0{\sim}22.3%,\;3.0{\sim}8.8%,\;2.2{\sim}3.3%,\;0{\sim}37.5%,\;and\;31.9{\sim}64.4%$ respectively, showing the specially high crude fiber content (37.5%) in Pine pollen. Almost all the carbohydrate, lipid, protein and ash components except fiber were extracted by water and n-hexane. Free sugars identified in water extracts $(10\;^{\circ}Bx)$ of pollens were fructose and glucose as major component and maltose as minor component. The proportions of three free sugars to total soluble solid content of Mixed, Acorn, and Pine water extracts were 73.6%, 85.4% and 47.7% respectively. Potassium and phosphorus content in pollens and pollen water extracts were high, but Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Zn were not major mineral components. The essential amino acids such as leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, valine, isoleucine and threonine were contained richly in pollens and those were almost completely extracted by water. Vitamin $B_1$ and C were not detected, but only small amount of vitamin $B_2$ was detected in the pollens and pollen extracts tested. The essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid were contained richly in pollens. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acid content in Mixed, Acorn and Darae pollen except Pine was higher than 50%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.1018-1022
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• 2004

Optimized conditions for Agrobacterium-mediated lisianthus pollen transformation were adjusted using various factors such as temperature, pH and sucrose concentration. Pollen tube growth was successfully achieved in a medium (pollen germination medium; PGM) containing $7-15\%$ sucrose with pH in the range of 5.5-7.0 at temperature of $20-27^{\circ}C$. Lisianthus pollen was vacuum-infiltrated with Agrobacterium cell suspension for 20 min, and transformed pollen was confirmed by GUS histochemistry and Southern hybridization following RT-PCR. Transgenic pollen system may be utilized for establishing an area of plant transient expression systems based on the convenient pollen transformation procedure presented in here.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.577-581
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• 2002

In an attempt to produce recombinant proteins using the pollen enriched in some plant species, a 1.7 kb DNA encoding urease subunit B (UreB) amplified by PCR from Helicobacter pylori urease gene cluster in pH808 plasmid was cloned to be expressed under CaMV35S promoter in lily (Lilium longiflorum) pollen tubes elongated in vitro. Lily pollen at early germinating stage was transformed with the ureB DNA using Agrobacterium via vacuum infiltration and, incubated for a full pollen tube growth 16 - 24 h in the dark in the presence of kanamycin. DNA integration and expression in the transgenic pollen were analyzed by the standard molecular techniques and the results suggest that the pollen in vitro may be employed as a protein factory in a disposable fashion.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.833-837
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• 2005

Antioxidative activities of pine, oak, and lily pollen extracts were evaluated based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in animal tissues. Each pollen was extracted with 50% ethanol, 100% ethanol or water. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity of 50% ethanol extract ($EC_{50}$ 40.0 mg/mL) of pine pollen was higher than those of water (46.8 mg/mL) and 100% ethanol (131.2 mg/mL) extracts of pollen. Fifty percent ethanol (3,2 mg/mL) was also better than 100% ethanol (4.5 mg/mL) and water (8.3 mg/mL) for extraction of oak pollen. For preparation of lily pollen extracts, 100% ethanol was most effective (14.0 mg/mL), followed by water (18.8 mg/mL) and 50% ethanol (24.0 mg/mL). Oak pollen showed higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity than others. Lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate induced by ascorbate-Fe3+-EDTA and rat kidney homogenate were inhibited by water extracts of all pollens in dose-dependent manner. Extracts of oak and lily pollen showed higher lipid peroxidation inhibition than pine pollen extract. Polyphenol content was highest in oak pollen extract $(32.5{\pm}0.7\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$, followed by lily extract $(25.9{\pm}1.4\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$ and pine extract $(9.3{\pm}0.7\;{\mu}g/mg\;pollen)$.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.447-468
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• 1996

The peat layer was deposited on the abandoned channel of incised meander of River Banbyuncheon with 7 meter thickness on Youngyang basin. The late Quaternary environmental change on the study area was discussed based on pollen anaalysis and radiocarbon-dating from this peat. The swamp which was caused to sediment the peat, was produced by which the fan debris from the adjacent slope damed the waterflow on the abandoned channel. The peat layer contains continuous vegetational history from 60,000y.B.P. to Recent. The peat deposit was divided into two layers by the organic thin sand horizon, which was sedimented at one time and made unconformity between the lower decomposed compact peat layers and the upper fresh fiberous peat layer. As the result of the pollen analysis, both peat layers from the two boring sites, Profile YY1 and Profile YY2 were divided into five Pollenzones(Pollenzone I, II, III, IV and V) and 12 Subzones which were mainly corresponded by the AP (Arboreal Pollen)-Dominance. The two profiles have some differences on the sedimentary facies and on the pollen composition as well. Therefore these were in common with the Pollenone III, however the Pollenzone I and II existed only on the Profile YY1 and the Pollenzone IV and V existed only on the Profile YY2. The lower layer containing the Pollenzone I, II and III revealed vegetational records of Pleistocene, which was characterized as tundra-like landscape and thin forested landscapes. It represented the NAP (Non-Arboreal Pollen)-period with a plenty of Artemisia sp., Sanguisorba sp., Umbelliferae, Gramineae and Cyperaceae. However a relatively high proportion of the boreal trees with Picea sp., Pinus sp. and Betula sp. as AP was observed in the lower layer. The upper layer contained the Pollenzone IVb and V and vegetational history in Holocene which was characterized by thick forested landscape with rich tree pollen. It represented AP-period with plenty of Pinus sp. and Quercus sp. as temperate trees. The temperature fluctuation supposed from the vegetational records is as follows; the Pollenzone I(Betula-Dominance, about 57,000y.B.P.) represents relatively cold period. The Pollenzone II(EMW-Domi-nance, 57,000-43,000y.B.P.)represents relatively warm period. This period is supposed to be Interstadial, the transi-tional stage from Alt- to Mittel Wurm. The Pollenzone III(Butula-, Pinus- and Picea-Dominace in turns, 43,000-15,000y.B.P.) reproesents cold period which had been built from Mittel-to Jung Wurm. Especially the Subzone IIId represents the coldest period throughout the Pollenzone III. It is corresponds to Wurm Glacial Maximu. It is supposed that the mean temperature in July of this period was coller about 10${^\circ}$C than present. The Pollenzone IV and V represent the vegetational history of Holocene. Tilia, Quercus and Pinus were dominant in turns during this period. Subzone IVb and Pollenzone I and II at east coastal plain of Korean penninsula reported by JO(1979).

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.173-185
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• 2012

Authors performed pollen analysis in deposits at a coastal plain at Yeongjong-do Island located in Incheon, South Korea. Sampling site (7.2 m a.s.l.) belongs to the cool temperate deciduous broad-leaf forest. Environmental changes since 8,900 yrs B.P. reconstructed from pollen analysis are as follows; JS-I stage (c.a. 8,900~8,500 yrs B.P. ) was cool temperate northern mixed-forest which is comparable to the early PostGlacial pollen stage RI in Japan, in which Pinus and Quercus were dominant and Abies and Picea were also found. At that time, climate was relatively cooler and dryer than today. JS-II stage (sometime between 8,500~4,000 yrs B.P.) was Pinus-dominant coniferous forest, which is comparable to the mid-Post-Glacial pollen stage RII. Mixed forest of Pinus, Quercus and Carpinus was dominant in JS-III stage (c.a. 4,000 yrs B.P). We assumed that JS-II and JS-III stage were relatively warmer and more humid than JS-I stage, and were more like present conditions. JS-IV stage (sometime between 4,000~900 yrs B.P.) was Pinus-dominant coniferous forest which is comparable to the late Post-Glacial pollen stage RIII. JS-V stage (c.a. 900 yrs B.P. ~present) was second growth Pinus-dominant coniferous forest stage. During the last stage, non-arboreal pollen was more common than arboreal pollen and Fagopyrum appeared among the herbaceous plant, which indicates that it is comparable to the RIIIb stage which was the age of human interference. From the JS-V stage, humans in the study site started agricultural activities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.189-201
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• 2004

The present study has measured eight pollen morphological parameters of Diploxylon species in Korea by light microscopy (LM). The results are as follows; 1. Diploxylon species in Korea showed significant (P＜0.01) interspecific difference in their pollen morphological parameters. 2. The discriminant analysis based on the pollen morphological parameters demonstrated that the classification ratio of Diploxylon was 49.9％. The maximum was at Pinus banksiana (72.8％) and the minimum was at P. sylvestris (62.2％). 3. The relationship among the Diploxylon species based on their pollen morphological parameters showed that P. densiflora and P. sylvestris were had the closest relationship while P. rigida and banksiana had the least relationship.