• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.253-263
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate health status of preschool children utilizing anthropometric values and serum biochemical indices. The subjects were 1,159 boys and 1,019 girls in Gumi day-care centers aged 4 to 6 years. The mean height and weight of 4, 5 and 6 year old children were 103.0 cm and 17.1 kg, 107.2 cm and 18.3 kg and 113.4 cm and 20.6 kg, respectively. By the obesity index criteria, $5\%$ of boys and $4\%$ of girls were obese whereas $10\%$ of boys and $9\%$ of girls were underweight. By the Kaup index criteria, $7\%$ of boys and $4\%$ of girls were obese. By the percentage of body fat criteria, $5\%$ of boys and girls were obese. The mean concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Atherogenic Index and serum glucose were 154.1-156.5 mg/dL, 80.1-81.9 mg/dL, 46.8-47.4 mg/dL, 90.9-92.8 mg/dL, 2.34-2.39 and 76.4-77.8 mg/dL, respectively. Serum triglyceride level, AI and body fat percentage of obese children were significantly higher than other children and were significantly lower in HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.05). In addition there were significant correlation between anthropometric values and serum biochemical indices : Kaup index and obesity index were positively correlated to the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in boys and girls (p < 0.01) and to the triglyceride concentration in boys (p < 0.05). These results indicate the need of developing and implementation of nutrition education program for preschool children to prevent further development of childhood obesity and to maintain normal serum lipid profiles.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2008

The subcronic toxicity of WK-38, a herbal preparation for the atherosclerosis, was examined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. WK-38 is composed of Rhei Rhizoma, Magonoliae Cortx, Moutan Cortex Radicis. Rats were treated with the test substance at a dose of 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg intragastrically for 13 weeks. Control rats were treated with vehicle only. No death and abnormal clinical signs were observed throughout the administration period. Also there was no difference in net body weight gain, food and water consumption, organ weight, gross pathological findings, and urine analysis among the groups of rats treated with different doses of the WK-38. Hematological findings and biochemical examination revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to WK-38. The results suggested that under the condition employed in this study no observation effect level (NOEL) of WK-38 would be 500 mg/kg/day.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

A total of twenty, 2-wk-old male broiler chickens were allotted into control diet(CON) or a diet supplemented with 1% ground grape seed(GGS). They had free access to feed and water for 3 wk. Growth performance and antioxidant markers in plasma, intestine and liver were determined. Dietary addition of 1% GGS did not affect weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and organ weight in 35 day-old broiler chickens significantly. There was no difference in plasma levels of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, AST, ALT and LDH activity. However, total antioxidant status(TAS) in blood increased(P<0.05) in chickens fed the diet supplemented with 1% GGS compared to those fed the control diet. In addition, the specific activity of intestinal superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased(P<0.05) in birds fed the diet supplemented with GGS. However, the activities of intestinal gluthathione peroxidase(GSHPx) and gluthathione -S- transferase(GST) and hepatic SOD, GSHPx and GST were not affected by the dietary GGS. The levels of reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in the small intestine and liver were not different between the two groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% GGS did not result in a negative effect on growth performance. In addition, some antioxidant indicators including blood TAS and intestinal SOD were markedly elevated in response to dietary GGS. Therefore, dietary addition of 1% GGS may be beneficial to improve antioxidant capacity in broiler chicken.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1376-1380
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• 2017

This study examined how the daily administration of dried CP roots affects body-weight gains of mice. An aqueous CP extract (1 g/kg of CP-W) was orally administered to mice on a daily basis for ten weeks, and the mice's body weights and food intakes were measured throughout the period. At the end of the ten-week treatment, murine blood samples were taken and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were examined. The mice's intra-abdominal organs were weighed at necropsy. The treatment of CP-W significantly suppressed the mice's body-weight gain by about 10%. There were no changes to the food intakes of and no observable abnormal clinical signs in any of the animals throughout the experimental period. There were no significant differences between the control and CP-W mice in regards to the hematological and serum biochemical parameters and the organ weights at necropsy. The results demonstrated that the daily administration of CP-W for ten weeks suppresses body-weight gain in mice and does not change mice's food intake or cause any noticeable toxic effects.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the electrolyte metabolic responses to a 100 km ultra-marathon in 22 male amateur runners. Their average age was $50.91{\pm}4.77$ years old and their $VO_2max$ value was $48.19{\pm}6.4 mL/kg/min$. The participants completed the race with a mean finishing time of $205.55{\pm}19.61$ minute. Electrolyte parameters based on blood tests including calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, anion gap, plasma volume change and osmolality were measured pre-race, at 50 km, and at 100 km (post-race). Only slight changes in sodium level with no cases of hypernatremia or hyponatremia were observed. Additionally, all the electrolyte parameters changes were within the normal range and plasma volumes were unchanged. Overall, amateur marathon runners are not at risk to develop clinically significant electrolyte or osmolality changes during a 100 km ultra-marathon.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.736-741
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• 2008

Purpose : The incidence of thromboembolic episodes in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) is low; however, these episodes are often severe. Moreover, both pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and renal vein thrombosis (RVT) rarely show clinical symptoms. This study was performed to determine the benefits of routine screening in the detection of thrombosis in childhood NS. Methods : Among 62 children with nephrotic syndrome, a total of 54 children (43 males, 11 females) were included in this study. When the patients experienced their first NS episode, we performed renal Doppler ultrasonography in order to detect RVT. To rule out the possibility of PTE, a lung perfusion scan was performed. Computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography was recommended to patients who showed possible signs of PTE. All patients were evaluated for clinical signs of thrombosis, biochemical indicators of renal disease, as well as clotting and thrombotic parameters. Results : RVT or related clinical symptoms were not observed in any children. Based on the findings of the lung perfusion scans, 15 patients (27.8%) were observed with as a high probability of PTE. We were able to perform a CT pulmonary angiography only on 12 patients, and 5 patients were diagnosed with PTE (prevalence 8.1%). The serum fibrinogen level in the group with PTE was significantly higher ($776.7{\pm}382.4mg/dL$, P<0.05) than that in the group without PTE, and other parameters were not significantly different between each group. Conclusion : Further studies are required for clarifying the role of renal Doppler ultrasonography for the detection of RVT in NS. Children with NS who developed non-specific respiratory symptoms should be evaluated for the diagnosis of PTE. In the management of NS, a lung perfusion scan should be performed at the time of the initial episode of NS regardless of the pulmonary symptoms, since patients having PTE are either often asymptomatic, or present with nonspecific symptoms.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-135
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• 2016

The present study was performed to develop a functional raw food material from hydrolyzed whey protein powder (23%-GNANA) medication containing sialic acid as a marker compound that is naturally occurring at 7% concentration in GMP (glycomacropeptide). GMP is used worldwide in foodstuffs for babies and infants and is obtained from the milk protein as safe food. While the purpose of our detailed evaluation was aimed to assess preliminary NOAEL values for and above 2,000 mg/kg/day, a clinical dose allowance for 23%-GNANA (as per characteristic of a functional health product, a highly refined test substance of 23% (v/v) sialic acid combined in GMP), at the same time we also wanted to assess the safety of GMP hydrolyzate lacking sialic acid but with identical properties as GMP. Animal safety evaluation was conducted using 23%-GNANA as the test substance, produced from hydrolyzed whey protein powder (product name: HELICOBACTROL-23; provided by Medinutrol Inc. [Korea]; composed of 23% sialic acid and GMP protein) after isolating the sialic acid using enzymes approved as food additives, with GMP as a raw material, and subsequently increasing the content of xx up to 23% through 80% (v/v) ethanol soaking and concentrating, in accordance with GLP Guideline. The animal safety evaluation mentioned above was made on the basis of toxicity in SPF Sprague-Dawley female and male rats dosed with 10 mL of the test substance diluted to 0, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg directly into their stomachs for 90 d. This was determined in terms of the general symptoms and animal viability, weight and amount of feed intake, eye examination, uracrasia tests, hematological and blood biochemical disorder tests, blood coagulation test, abnormal intestine weight, abnormalities during postmortem and histopathological examinations. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Based on the toxicity determination, a certain minor effect associated with the test substance was observed in male rats with no major effects of the tested substance, in comparison with the control group dosed with sterilized water. Nevertheless, the NOAEL value, evaluated as per toxicity criteria, was verified as 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05). Similarly, for female rats, a certain minor effect associated with the test substance was observed in 5,000 mg/kg/day dosed group, with no major effect, yet the NOAEL value (as assessed as per toxicity criteria) was determined to be 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05), which was the same as for male rats. Accordingly, the NOAEL values of the test substances for all female and male rats were finally verified as 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that the 23%-GNANA test substance exceeds 2,000 mg/kg/day, the clinical allowance characteristic for functional health food, and was finally evaluated to cause no safety concerns when used as a raw material in functional health food production, which was the ultimate goal of the present study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.608-613
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the biochemical pollutant marker for diagnosis of marine pollutions by changes in oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes of the flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) in the Yellow Sea of Korea Protein contents in brain and muscle of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were remarkably lower $(15\~45\%,\;and\;35\~45\%,\;respectively)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang (control) of the East Sea. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were Significantly higher $(30\~70\%)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Hydroxyl radical formations in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were significantly high $(15\~90\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in serum of wild flounders in the yellow Sea were significantly lower $(20\~40\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang, and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities in brain of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were also significanlty lower $(10\~60\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. These results suggest that significantly decreases of protein contents in brain and muscle, remarkable in creases of malondialdehyde (LPD) in serum and decreases of SOD and GSHPx activities in serum and brain of wild flounders of the Yellow Sea may be used as a biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the stocking density (standard stocking density (SSD, $495cm^2/bird$)) vs. high stocking density (HSD,245cm2/bird) and challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5mg/kg BW) on the stress-related physiological indicators in chicks. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, but not in the weight of immune organs, between the SSD and HSD groups. The LPS group resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the weights of the thymus and bursa of fabricius compared with the SSD group. Plasma biochemical components, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen, Ca, P, creatine kinase and uric acid, markedly (p<0.05) increased in the LPS birds, although no difference in these parameters was observed between the SSD and HSD birds. Furthermore, the birds challenged with LPS showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the plasma corticosterone level, although this hormone did not differ between the SSD and HSD groups. In the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatic $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and iNOS in the LPS group significantly (p<0.05) increased compared with those in the SSD group. Thymic mRNA expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-18 in the LPS group also significantly (p<0.05) increased compared with those in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ in the bursa of fabricius of the LPS group increased (p<0.05) without affecting the other cytokines. Under high stocking density, thymic $IL-1{\beta}$ was the only cytokine that was up-regulated compared with the SSD group. In conclusion, an acute stress induced by LPS challenge profoundly affected immune organ weight, blood biochemical profiles and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while chronic stress did not markedly affect biochemical and immunological parameters, suggesting that chicks under high stocking density could be adapted to prolonged stressors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1997

For the recent years, considerable efforts have been made to rationalize the techniques of research and monitoring of biological effects of marine pollutants such as heavy metals, polychlorinate biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus pesticides. This study was designed as a part of efforts to investigate the biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions by the changes in lipid components of the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Yellow Sea of Korea. Homoglobin levels in serum of cultured and wild flounders in Yellow Sea were significantly lower (5 - 15% and 20 -25 % , respectively) than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Triglyceride (TG) contents in serum of cultured flounders in Yellow Sea were 10 - 40% higher than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Total and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol contents in serum of flounders in Yellow Sea were significantly 10-15% and 30-35% (cultured), and 10-20% (wild), respectively, higher than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Atherogenic index (AI) and T-Chol/PL rations in serum of cultured and wild flounders in Yellow sea were significantly 20-45% and 10-!5%, 6-35% and 15-35%, respectively, higher than those of wild flounder in pohang. These results suggest that near-coastal waters as well as neritic waters of the Yellow Sea might be affected by pollutant input.