• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2004

Recently, a New Great Harbour Bridge between Mokpo City and Koha Island is planned to be built across Mokpo Inner Harbour, and Namak New Town is under construction adjacent to Mokpo. Citizels' concorn of and participation in 「Campaign for Shaping Mokpo into Beautiful Seaport」 are necessary to match the view of Mokpo harbour with natural scenery beautifully and with marine environment harmoniously. Citizens'ㄹ levels of consciousness of coastal and marine environment were ascertained through questionnaire surveys of local citizenry attitudes and opinions, and citizenry action plans for the conservation of coastal and marine environments around Mokpo harbour are suggested on the basis of the results of questionnaire surveys. Citizens' voluntary participations in local policy for the control of marine wastes production and in a campaign for the collections of marine debris and wastes around beaches and coastal areas are required. The operation of municipal sewage treatment plants is to be performed effectively and efficiently, and to be monitored and evaluated periodically by the general public, the local federation for environmental movement or NGO. The development and performance of marine environmental education programs and an enlightenment campaign for environment preservation are to be incessantly done in cooperation with local residents. Only when local government of Mokpo collects the public opinions and continues to shape Mokpo into international beautiful seaport in the direction of a reflex of public opinion, coastal and marine environment around Mokpo harbour can be kept in good condition with citizens' positive participation in citizenry long-term practical action plans for environment conservation.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2012

To consider geomorphological and geological characteristics to Gatbawi(the 500th natural monument), it was investigated with the aspect of scale, form, mineralogy, chemistry and weathered state. Showing typically erosional features, micro-terrains as sea cliffs, sea notches, marine plateaus and tafoni developed well on coastal areas near the monument. Sea cliffs are vertical and form sea notches in their bases. Coastal terraces are 3.5m in width and 20m in trace. Tafoni are honey combed. The monument is mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, biotite, sericite in mineral and corresponded to crystalline tuff dominated in quartz and plagioclase. It has 23.60~28.27 wt.% of $Al_2O_3$, 3.27~5.80 wt.% of $Na_2O$, and 0.11~0.20 wt.% of Cl in chemical contents, leveling higher than those of earth crust standards. It is considerably weathered on the basis of CAI(77.42~83.93%). The monument is very useful for natural perspective tourism and education. Therefore, it is necessary that several ideas as guide plates, observing telescope, explaining guider, education programs connected with related services, touring goods, picture for books on utilization on the monument must establish.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 2022

This research analyzed the status and problems of civilian expert programs for landscape architects to suggest alternatives to improve the current system. Literature research focused on the issues of the legal definition of civilian experts, the background of the program, and related regulations. Based on the understanding of the legal system, the research analyzed the operation status, structure, roles of the civilian expert program of local governments where landscape architects were delegated as civilian experts. Currently, 50 local governments are running the civilian expert program, and landscape architects are working as civilian experts in 11 institutions. The majority of landscape architects are working as MA or general architects. Only SMG runs an independent general landscape architect program. Based on the literature research and interviews with 16 experts, the research examined four main issues related to the program. First, the legal system issues of the civilian expert programs are related to the regulations assuming architects as experts. Revising the current legal system is a better alternative than promulgating a new law for landscape architects. Second, the compensation issue was a main problem related to operation. Securing a sufficient budget and more effective administration is required to solve the problem. Third, related to the role, the tasks being limited to consultation were regarded as the main problem. Although landscape architects wanted more opportunities to directly participate in the project's design, the fairness of the public project contracting system needed to be considered. Fourth, the competence issue is related to the number of available landscape architects. This issue can be solved by expanding the pool of civilian experts to adjacent disciplines, such as public design or landscape management.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.177-177
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• 2020

새만금 간척지는 1989년 '새만금간척사업'이 발표된 이래 1991년에 방조제 공사를 시작으로 2006년 물막기 공사를 완료하였고, 2009년 이후 방조제를 완공하여 현재는 40,100ha의 간척지가 조성되었다. 하지만 간척지는 장기적으로 환경에 악영향을 미치며 특히 간척으로 인한 해안경관의 가치 상실, 생태계 파괴 및 교란에 따른 변화가 크기 때문에 이에 대한 대책이 필요하다. 적극적인 식생의 도입이 그 대책의 하나가 될 수 있는데 이는 자연적으로 식물천이를 유도하고 동물들을 유인하여 생태적으로 건강한 환경을 조성하는데 기여할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 새만금간척지의 대표적인 수목생육 제한 요인으로 판단되는 염분, 배수 및 통기성에 대한 시험연구를 진행하고자 '09~'11까지 초기에 김제광활에서 2ha의 시험포를 운영하였고, '12부터는 군산옥구에서 2ha의 시험포를 운영하고 있다. 수목을 심을 포지를 구획하기 전에 토양의 염분값을 낮추기 위해서 군산옥구의 경우, 2ha의 시험포를 포함한 전체 묘목장 부지(100ha) 중에서 일부구간(38ha)을 '09 부터 자연강우 담수제염을 통해서 제염을 진행하였다. 이를 통해 초기 염분 값이 18ds/m~20ds/m에서 8ds/m~10ds/m로 낮아졌다. 이렇게 수목이 자랄 수 있는 정도의 제염이 이루어진 이후에는 배수 및 통기성 부분에 초점을 맞추어 포지를 구획하였다. 단지1의 경우, 사전제염작업을 하지 않고, 5M간격의 암거를 설치하였고, 단지2의 경우, 사전강우제염을 진행하고, 10M간격의 암거를 설치하였다. 단지3의 경우, 사전강우제염을 진행하고 그 위에 0.4M의 준설토를 성토하여 포지를 조성하고 일부구간에 5M, 10M암거를 설치하였다. 2년 간의 수목 생존률 및 생장 모니터링을 통해서 각 단지에서의 수목생장의 적합성의 정도를 간접적으로 판단할 수 있었다. 단지3이 암거설치 간격 및 설치유무에 관계없이 수목이 자라는데 가장 적합했다. 다음으로 단지2, 단지1 순으로 나타났다. 염분 값을 낮추기 위한 자연강우 담수제염의 경우에는 문제가 되지 않지만 배수 및 통기성 개선을 위한 암거설치의 경우는 새만금 전체 식재구역에 적용하기에는 경제성이 떨어지므로 배수 및 통기성을 위한 별도의 방안이 요구된다. 또한 각 단지에서의 수목 생장모니터링을 지속적으로 시행하여 보다 장기적인 측면에서의 식재기반 조성기법을 고려할 필요가 있다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.449-471
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• 2024

We investigated the radiometric ages and petrological characteristics of basaltic rocks with columnar joints, basalt gorge, pillow lava, and mantle xenolith, from the geoheritages designated as Natural Monuments of Korea in recognition of their historical, academic, and scenic excellence. A total of 7 Natural Monuments were selected. They are 'Basalt gorge along Daegyocheon Stream of Hantangang River', 'Basalt gorge and Bidulginangpokpo Falls of Hantangang River, Pocheon', 'Pillow lava in Auraji, Pocheon' distributed along the Chugaryeong Fault System, 'Peridotite xenolith-bearing basalt in Jinchon-ri Baengnyeongdo Island, Ongjin', 'Columnar joint in Daljeon-ri, Pohang', 'Columnar joint in Yangnam, Gyeongju', and 'Columnar joint along Jungmun and Daepo Coasts, Jeju'. They ranged in age from the Cenozoic Neogene Miocene to the Quarternary Pleistocene. Based on the composition of major elements, Hantangang Basalt corresponded to trachybasalt, Daljeon Basalt to phonotephrite, Eoil Basalt to sub-alkaline basalt, and Daepodong Basalt to alkaline basalt. And in the composition of trace and rare earth elements, only Eoil Basalt showed the characteristics of arc basalt, while the others showed the characteristics of oceanic island basalt.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.74-85
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• 2020

Darangnon in Gachon Village, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, is the first designated environment among Korea's industrial-based historical and cultural sites and is still the only one that involves agricultural activities. Although the stonework, which is the infrastructure environment here, has limitations that inevitably lead to natural and artificial deformation due to its nature, there has been no research to consider the situation so far. As of the end of May 2020, this study investigated and analyzed the damage in the sub-area of the survey, which is approximately 30% of the scope of the designation of the scenic spot, from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. As a result of the study, the state of loss, which reveals the physical damage of the arctic rice paddy stone retaining wall in the environment under investigation, was particularly serious around the coast, in the northern area with high slopes, and near tourist information centers and parking lots. On the other hand, the qualitative aspect of the damage to the stonework was noticeable in the repair of heterogeneous materials on the stone retaining wall adjacent to the village and parking lot, and the landscape damage caused by the cladding of plants was found in an environment far away from the residence. In addition, natural environmental factors such as slopes, elevations, and soil showed a close relationship with the degree of physical damage of the stone retaining wall, the higher the slope, the higher the elevation, and the better the soil drainage, the greater the impact. These results suggest that humanities environmental factors such as cultivation activities and management entities have important factors in the physical damage and management of stone retaining wall. Therefore, it is deemed essential to find management measures with local residents along with improving the agricultural environment, such as securing agricultural water and soil improvement, for the preservation of tuna paddies and stone retaining wall in the future.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.343-355
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• 2009

In order to restore the identity of sound environment and expand the sound culture of a region, the purpose of this study are to excavate the resources of soundscape and find out the plans for the preservation and promotion of soundscape resources peculiar to the region. For this purpose, this research is conducted through an interview survey of residents and an observation survey using listening walk in Hongdo, one of the southwesten island of Korea. The results of survey confirm that there are so many sounds to hear around Hongdo island, those are, natural sounds such as the song of the birds, the roar of the waves, the whistling sounds, the shriek of the seagulls, and the pebbles sounds washed away by the waves, and artificial sounds such as the steam-whistle signals, the ship's broadcasts, the voice of tourists, the sounds of church bells, lighthouse sirens etc. The results suggest that it is necessary to consider several ways for restoration of an unique soundscape in Hongdo island, those are, improvement for efficient management of a ship's broadcasts in public areas, removal of a ferry in Hongdo swimming beach, management of Dangsanje (a religious service), preservation of a lighthouse siren and a foghorn, restoration and improvement of underground stream, management and control of public fish market, restoration of brooklet, management of cooperative system for a fish market, restoration of PoongO-Gut (a ritual for a large harvest) and a skate festival, management of a Hongdo sports meeting, sound quality modification of a boat whistle, restoration of orientalia such as a funeral bier, ecosystem preservation activity of the shore and ocean, and promotion of amenity for fascination and vitality in a rural community. Also, a sound map is drawn up for many tourists so as to realize the importance of sound environment and identity of soundscape and to gain their experience at first hand in Hongdo island.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

The cactus habitat in Jeju Island has a phytogeographically specific distribution in the East Asian region, and forms a unique landscape as the only native cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) habitat in Korea. However, there has been no detailed investigation on the distribution of cacti in the habitat and no investigation on the diversity of the mixed composition of plants in the habitats and their correlation with the distribution of cactus populations. This study attempted to investigate the diversity of vascular plants in the Wollyeong-ri cactus habitat and record the actual distribution and trends of cactus distribution. In addition to the distribution characteristics of cacti, we also discuss the characteristics of species reflecting the characteristics of the habitat among the mixed population of plant species, as well as the biological and environmental factors that threaten the maintenance of cactus populations or require management for preservation of cacti. Considering the phenological character, we conducted the field surveys for flora identification six times between June 2015 and September 2017. The Engler classification system was used for the arrangement sequence and names of plants, and the Korean Plant Names Index was adopted for the Korean name of the species. The study results showed that the Wolryung-ri cactus habitat in Jeju Island has the characteristic physiognomy of an area dominated by cactus. For the vascular plants, a total of 125 taxa were identified, including 53 families, 104 genera, 109 species, 15 varieties and 1 forma. Endangered plants specified by the Ministry of Environment were not found. Two species, Cyrtomium falcatum and Asplenium incisum, were identified as the ferns, and no gymnosperms were found. In addition, 123 taxa of angiosperms, 91 taxa of dicotyledones and 32 taxa of monocotyledons were identified. The distributions of cacti were confirmed in 289 meshes corresponding to 59.3% of the total 487 meshes in the cactus protected area, which showed various coverage distributions ranging from 5% to 95%. Most of the meshes where no cacti were found are coastal areas with exposed basalt rocks where the soil depth has not developed or extremely restricted due to repeated waves, or areas where artificial facilities, grasslands, and observation paths have been constructed. On the other hand, there were 71 lattice points in 14.5% of the total area where the cactus showed 70% or higher dominance. Cacti are randomly distributed in these areas. They have adapted to the microhabitat environment and are found to be opportunistically distributed along the growable locations. Considering that the reproduction of cacti in the habitat is mostly dependent on parthenogenesis, the present distribution seems to reflect the potentially distributable regions of cacti in the habitat. Based on the results of field surveys, a management plan for conservation and protection of the protected areas has been proposed.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.78-91
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• 2018

Sangjogam, located in Goseong, Gyeongsangnam-do, was designated as Natural Monument #411, because of its diverse geological heritage, such as fossils, ripple marks, dykes, and columnar joints. In the area, Byeongpungbawi, with its beautiful columnar joints vertical to the bedding plane of the underlying sedimentary rocks and spectacular coastal view, was named after its overall shape reminiscent of a huge folding screen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation process of the columnar joints using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) method. AMS measurements showed that the k1 and k3 values representative of directions of the long and short axes of a magnetic particle at each point strongly clustered, and the oblate magnetic foliation structure in Byeongpungbawi developed during sill-type intrusion rather than lava flow. In summary, Byeongpungbawi was produced by sill-type intrusion along the bedding plane of the underlying sedimentary layer, and the subsequent formation of columnar joints was accompanied by the cooling and contraction of intruding rhyolite magma. This study potentially provides a basic research tool in understanding the formation mechanism of columnar joints which are widely distributed in southern Korea.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.37-87
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• 1997

As a results of researches on the cultivation processes and settlement developments on the Mangyoung river valley as a whole could be have four 'Space-Time Continuity' through a [Origin-Destination] theory model. On a initial phases of cultivation, the cultivation process has been begun at mountain slopes and tributory plains in upper part of river-basin from Koryo Dynasty to early Chosun Dynasty. At first, indigenous peasants burned forests on the mountain slopes for making 'dryfield' for a cereal crops. Following population increase more stable food supply is necessary facets of life inducing a change production method into a 'wetfield' in tributory plains matching the population increase. First sedentary agriculture maybe initiated at this mountain slopes and tributory plains on upper part of river basin through a burning cultivation methods. Mountain slopes and tributory plains are become a Origin area in cultivation processes. It expanded from up to down through the valleys with 'a bits of land' fashion in a steady pace like a terraced fields expanded with bit by bit of land to downward. They expanded their land to the middle part of river basin in mid period of Chosun Dynasty with dike construction techniques on the river bank. Lower part of river cultivated with embankment building techniques in 1920s and then naturally expanded to the tidal marshes on the estuaries and river inlets of coastal areas. 'Pioneer fringes' are consolidated at there in modern times. Changes in landscapes are appeared it's own characters with each periods of time. Followings are results of study through the Mangyoung river valley as a whole. (1) Mountain slopes and tributory plains on the upper part of river are cultivated 'dryfields' by indigenous peasants with Burning cultivation methods at first and developed sedentary settlements at the edges of mountain slopes and on the river terrace near the fields. They formed a kind of 'periphery-located cluster type' of settlement. This type of settlement are become a prominant type in upper part of river basin. 'Dryfields' has been changed into a 'wetfields' at the narrow tributory plains by increasing population pressure in later time. These wetfields are supplied water by Weir and Ponds Irrigation System(제언수리방법). Streams on the tributory plains has been attracted wetfields besides of it and formed a [water+land] complex on it. 'Wetfields' are expanded from up to downward with a terraced land pattern(adder like pattern, 붕전) according to the gradient of valley. These periphery located settlements are formed a intimate ecological linkage with several sets of surroundings. Inner villages are expanded to Outer villages according to the expansion of arable lands into downward. (2) Mountain slopes and tributory plains expanded its territory to the alluvial deposited plains on the middle part of river valley with a urgent need of new land by population increase. This part of alluvial plains are cultivated mainly in mid period of Chosun Dynasty. Irrigation methods are changed into a Dike Construction Irrigation method(천방수리방법) for the control of floods. It has a trend to change the subjectives of cultivation from community-oriented one who constructed Bochang along tributories making rice paddies to local government authorities who could be gather large sums of capitals, techniques and labours for the big dike construction affairs. Settlements are advanced in the midst of plains avoiding friction of distances and formed a 'Centrallocated cluster type' of settlements. There occured a hierarchical structures of settlements in ranks and sizes according merits of water supply and transportation convenience at the broad plains. Big towns are developed at there. It strengthened a more prominant [water+land] complex along the canals. Ecological linkages between settlements and surroundings are shaded out into a tiny one in this area. (3) It is very necessary to get a modern technology of flood control at the rivers that have a large volume of water and broad width. The alluvial plains are remained in a wilderness phase until a technical level reached a large artificial levee construction ability that could protect the arable land from flood. Until that time on most of alluvial land at the lower part of river are remained a wilderness of overgrown with reeds in lacks of techniques to build a large-scale artificial levee along the riverbank. Cultivation processes are progressed in a large scale one by Japanese agricultural companies with [River Rennovation Project] of central government in 1920s. Large scale artificial levees are constructed along the riverbank. Subjectives of cultivation are changed from Korean peasants to Japanese agricultural companies and Korean peasants fell down as a tenant in a colonial situation of that time in Korea. They could not have any voices in planning of spatial structure and decreased their role in planning. Newly cultivated lands are reflected company's intensions, objectives and perspectives for achieving their goals for the sake of colonial power. Newly cultivated lands are planned into a regular Rectangular Block settings of rice paddies and implanted a large scale Bureaucratic-oriented Irrigation System on the cultivated plains. Every settlements are located in the midst of rice paddies with a Central located Cluster type of settlements. [water+land] complex along the canal system are more strengthened. Cultivated space has a characters of [I-IT] landscapes. (4) Artificial levees are connected into a coastal emnankment for a reclamation of broad tidal marshes on the estuaries and inlets of rivers in the colonial times. Subjectives of reclamation are enlarged into a big agricultural companies that could be acted a role as a big cultivator. After that time on most of reclamation project of tidal marshes are controlled by these agricultural companies formed by mostly Japanese capitalists. Reclaimed lands on the estuaries and river inlets are under hands of agricultural companies and all the spatial structures are formed by their intensions, objectives and perspectives. They constructed a Unit Farming Area for the sake of companies. Spatial structures are planned in a regular one with broad arable land for the rice production of rectangular blocks, regular canal systems and tank reservoir for the irrigation water supply into reclaimed lands. There developed a 'Central-located linear type' of settlements in midst of reclaimed land. These settlements are settled in a detail program upon this newly reclaimed land at once with a master plan and they have planned patterns in their distribution, building materials, location, and form. Ecological linkage between Newly settled settlemrnts and its surroundings are lost its colours and became a more artificial one by human-centred environment. [I-IT] landscapes are become more prominant. This region is a destination area of [Origin-Destination] theory model and formed a 'Pioneer Fringe'. It is a kind of pioneer front that could advance or retreat discontinously by physical conditions and socio-cultural conditions of that region.