• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2023

The water temperature and salinity have an important effect on the growth and survival of rearing fish. This study investigates the effect of water temperature and salinity on larvae and juveniles of Platycephalus indicus. The experimental water temperature was set to 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25℃, respectively, and the salinity was set to 7, 14, 21, 28, and 32 psu, respectively. Ten individuals were randomly collected daily and measured the total length using a stereo microscope. The growth rate was the highest at 25℃ (21.62±0.14 mm), 28 psu (15.02±0.05 mm) and the lowest at 13℃ (7.04±0.05 mm), 7 psu. The survival rate was the highest at 22℃ (69.2%), 32 psu (84.1%) and the lowest at 13℃ (15.1%), 7 psu. This study demonstrates that the water temperature and salinity affected the survival and growth of Platycephalus indicus larvae and the juvenile.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.101-104
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• 2006

In the Korean seas, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Thermal Fronts (TF) were analyzed temporally and spatially during 8 years from 1993 to 2000 using NOAA/AVHRR MCSST. As the result of EOF method applying SST, the variance of the 1st mode was 97.6%. It is suitable to explain SST conditions in the whole Korean seas. Time coefficients were shown annual variations and spatial distributions were shown the closer to the continent the higher SST variations like as annual amplitudes. The 2nd mode presented higher time coefficients of 1993, 94, and 95 than those of other years. Although the influence is a little, that can explain ElNINO effect to the Korean seas. TF were detected by Sobel Edge Detection Method using gradient of SST. Consequently, TF were divided into 4 fronts; the Subpola. Front (SPF) dividing into the north and south part of the East sea, the Kuroshio Front (KF) in the East China Sea (ESC), the South Sea Coastal Front (SSCF) in the South sea, and the Tidal Front in the West sea. TF located in steep slope of submarine topography. The distributions of 1st mode in SST were bounded in the same place, and these results should be considered to influence of seasonal variations. To discover temporal and spatial variations of TF,SST gradient values were analyzed by EOF. The time coefficients fo the 1st mode (variance : 64.55%) showed distinctive annual variations and SPF, KF, and SSCF was significantly appeared in March. the spatial distributions of the 2nd mode showed contrast distribution, as SPF and SSCF had strong '-' value, where KF had strong '+' value. The time of '+' and '-' value was May and October, respectively. Time coefficients of the 3rd mode had 2 peaks per year and showed definite seasonal variations. SPF represented striking '+' value which time was March and October That was result reflected time of the 1st and 2nd mode. We can suggest specific temporal and spatial variations of TF using EOF.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.397-402
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• 2005

In the Korean seas, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Thermal Fronts (TF) were analyzed temporally and spatially during 8 years from 1993 to 2000 using NOAA/AVHRR MCSST As the result of EOF method applying SST, the variance of the 1st mode was 97.6%. It is suitable to explain SST conditions in the whole Korean seas. Time coefficients were shown annual variations and spatial distributions were shown the closer to the continent the higher SST variations like as annual amplitudes. The 2nd mode presented higher time coefficients of 1993, 94, and 95 than those of other years. Although the influence is a little, that tan explain EININO effort to the Korean seas. TF were detected by Sobel Edge Detection Method using gradient of SST. Consequently, TF were divided into 4 fronts; the Subpolar Front (SPF) dividing into the north and south part of the East sea , the Kuroshio Front (KF) in the East China Sea (ESC), the South Sea Coastal Front (SSCF) in the South sea, and the Tidal Front in the West sea. TF located in steep slope of submarine topography. The distributions of 1st mode in SST were bounded in the same place, and these results should be considered to influence of seasonal variations. To discover temporal and spatial variations of TF, SST gradient values were analyzed by EOF. The time coefficients fo the 1st mode (variance : 64.55%) showed distinctive annual variations and SPF, KF, and SSCF was significantly appeared in March. the spatial distributions of the 2nd mode showed contrast distribution, as SPF and SSCF had strong'-'value, where KF had strong'+'value. The time of'+'and'-'value was May and October, respectively. Time coefficients of the 3rd mode had 2 peaks per year and showed definite seasonal variations. SPF represented striking'+'value which time was March and October. That was result reflected time of the 1st and 2nd mode. We can suggest specific temporal and spatial variations of TF using EOF.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.120-130
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• 2014

Change of mean sea level in the western coast of Korean peninsula was estimated with the observed tide data of the KHOA. The cause of the change was investigated. Mean sea levels in the western coast have been changed due to coastal development projects in the coastal zone. The estimated variations, which are significantly different regionally, vary from -6.8 cm in Incheon to 38 cm in Gunsan. The changing rate of mean sea level occurred by natural factors such as global warming varies from 1.1 mm/year in the north to 4.4 mm/year in the south of western coast of Korean peninsula. In Jeju, sea level rise and rise of sea temperature showed a close relationship. Water temperature rise of one degree increases mean sea level to 0.6 mm in Jeju. Rising rate of mean sea level has increased rapidly after the mid-1980s.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.90-91
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• 2003

어류 등의 종묘 생산시 초기 먹이로 이용되는 rotifer의 배양에 주로 해수산 Chlorella가 많이 이용되어 왔으나, 해수산 Chlorella는 수온 30℃이상 이거나, 10℃ 이하 일 때는 그 성장 상태가 극히 불안정하다. 따라서 부경대학교 한국 해양미세조류은행에서 보유하고 있는 국내외 Chlorella 종류 130종 중에서 채집 해역, 크기 등을 고려하여 해수산 Chlorella 5종, 해수산 Nannochloris 5종, 기수산과 담수산 Chlorella 각각 3종, 총 16종을 선택하여, 계절별 rotifer 배양에 적합한 Chlorella를 개발하고자 하였다. 먼저, 5종의 해수산 Chlorella를 수온 25℃, 염분 15‰과 30‰, 조도 5,000 lux 연속조명하에서 10일간 배양한 결과 15‰에서는 C-23 Chlorella vulgaris (감천), C-12 Chlorella vulgaris(낙동), C-20 Chlorella ellipsoidea(일본) 의 S.G.R. 이 각각 0.6621, 06353과 0.6251로 높게 나타났으며, 30‰에서는 C-23 이 13,146×10⁴cells/㎖로 가장 높은 세포 밀도를 보였다. 다음으로 5종의 해수산 Nannochloris를 동일한 조건에서 7일간 배양한 결과, 15와 30‰ 모두에서 C-31 Wannochloris oculata(UTEX), C-87 Nannochloris sp.(득량만) 와 C-189 Nannochloris sp.(부안) 의 S.G.R.이 0.9504∼0.9734로서 높은 성장률을 나타내었고, C-31은 30‰에서 11,229×10⁴cells/㎖의 높은 세포 밀도를 보였다. 그리고, 3종의 기수산 Chlorella는 25℃, 5,000 lux 연속조명, 염분 0, 15, 30‰에서, 담수산 3종은 동일한 수온과 조도에서 0, 15‰에서 각각 7일간 배양한 결과, 기수산에서는 S.G.R.이 0.6915∼0.8601로 나타났다. 특히, EC-001 Chlorella vulgaris(화진포)가 15와 30‰에서 각각 6491×10⁴cells/㎖, 6166×10⁴cells/㎖로 가장 높은 세포 밀도를 보였으며, 3종의 담수산 Chlorella는 0‰에서 S.G.R.이 0.6215∼0.6596의 성장률로 FC-001 이 2454×10⁴cells/㎖로 높은 밀도를 보였으나, 15‰에서는 모두 접종후 세포수가 감소하였다. 따라서 담수산 Chlorella는 rotifer의 적정 배양 염분인 15‰에서는 성장이 저조한 것으로 판단되어 제외하였다. 위의 배양 실험에서 각각 성장이 우수한 7종(C-12, C-20, C-23, C-31, C-87, C-189, EC-001)을 선정하여 다시 25℃, 15‰, 5,000 lux 연속 조명하에서 동시에 배양한 결과 해수산에서는 C-12, C-20, C-31, C-87 및 C-189의 S.G.R.이 0.8170∼0.8752로 높았으나, C-23은 0.7868로 낮게 나타났으며, EC-001은 0.7807로서 해수산에 비해서는 다소 낮았다. 한편, 이들 7종의 일반 성분을 분석한 결과에서는 조단백질은 C-31, C-12이 각각 42.93%, 42.7%였으며, 조지방 함량은 C-12 2.64%, C-31 2.58% 및 EC-001 2.43%로 나타났다. 위의 결과에서 C-23을 제외한 6종을 대상으로 성장과 영양성분이 높은 6종(C-12, C-20, C-31, C-87, C-189, EC-001)을 선택하여, 고수온기에 해당하는 32℃와 30℃, 저수온기인 10℃에서 각 종의 성장을 측정한 결과 32℃에서는 C-87과 C-189의 세포수가 6475×10⁴cells/㎖와 5932×10⁴cells/㎖로 가장 높았으며, 30℃에서는 C-31과 C-87이 각각 7951×10⁴cells/㎖와 7775×10⁴cells/㎖로 높게 나타났다. 반면 10℃에서 배양한 결과 EC-001이 3316×10⁴cells/㎖ 로 다른 종들의 107∼986×10⁴cells/㎖에 비하여 월등히 높은 세포 밀도를 나타내었다. 이들 6종의 미세조류를 L-type rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis에 먹이로 공급한 결과 C-12에서 5일째 300개체/㎖로 가장 높은 개체수를 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합할 때 rotifer의 먹이로서는 여름철 고수온기에는 C-87 Nannochloris sp. (득량만)과 C-189 Nannochloris sp.(부안)이, 저수온기에는 기수산인 EC-001 Chlorella vulgaris(화진포)가 적당하며, 봄, 가을의 다른 계절에는 C-12 Chlorella vulgaris(낙동)이 가장 효과적일 것으로 판단되어진다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.124-141
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• 1998

The objectives of this study are to investigate the trace (minor) elemental and isotopic compositions of calcitic skeletons, such as barnacle, echinoid, branching and encrusting calcareous algae and oyster, from the eastern coast of Korean peninsula and Cheju Island, and to compare their variations with latitude, that is, the temperature of ambient seawater at which the skeletons grew. Articulated and encrusting red algae are composed of high-Mg calcite (7-21 mol% $MgCO_3$). Echinoids are also composed of high-Mg calcite (7-15 mol% $MgCO_3$). Whereas barnacles are composed of low-Mg calcite (1-5 mol% $MgCO_3$). The Mg compositions of articulated red algae, barnacle and oyster tend to increase with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae and echinoid do not show any trend. Sr compositions of articulated red algae, echinoid and barnacle tend to decrease with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae and oyster do not show any trend. Mn compositions of articulated red algae and encrusting red algae decrease with an increase of water temperature, whereas those of echinoid and barnacle do not show any trend. Fe compositions of articulated red algae tend to decrease with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae and oyster increase. Fe compositions of echinoid and barnacle do not show any trend with water temperature variations. Ba compositions of echinoid and low-magnesium calcitic skeletons do not show any trend with water temperature variations. Ba compositions of articulated red algae tend to decrease with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae increase. Cd and Pb compositions of all the skeletons tend to increase with increasing water temperature. Cu compositions of encrusting red algae increase with increasing water temperature, whereas articulated red algae, echinoid, barnacle and oyster do not show any trend. Zn compositions of high-magnesium calcitic skeletons and low-magnesium calcitic skeletons do not show any trend. Estimated water temperatures from oxygen isotopic data of all the skeletons except for the barnacle arc higher than the range of temperature of the shallow seawater of the East Sea and around Cheju Island. The oxygen isotopic compositions of oyster and echinoid are well clustered, and they do not show any trend with increasing water temperature. Therefore, this could reflect that the organisms have not secreted their shells in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with ambient seawater due to vital effect. Thus, the oxygen isotopic composition of barnacle can potentially be utilized for paleotemperature estimate whereas those of other organisms in this study may not be useful.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.267-279
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• 1990

The temporal and spatial distribution of the coastal cold waters which was formed due to winter colling in the South Sea of Korea was analyzed by IR images from satellite and in situ data from shipboard observations. The coastal waters are known to be consisted of the Yellow Sea Coastal Waters(YSCW) and the South Korean Coastal Waters(SKCW). The former is driven around the Chuja-do and drifted into the Cheju Strait by residual currents, while the latter expands toward offsea by southward wind forcing. The expansion patterns of the SKCW were observed as sinking expansion or drifting expansion such that both were strongly dependent on the surface heat flux conditions. Under the condition of positive heat flux(warmer sea surface) or when the sea surface heat is lost to the atmosphere, the surface water started sinking and eventually expanded toward the open sea causing the cooling of the water column. For the negative heat flux the surface water was just drifted horizontally and expanded seaward and in this case only the surface layer of water was cooled.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

We studied on the relationship between oceanic variation in the offshore and abnormal sea surface temperature rise in the coastal area of the Yellow Sea using a variety of satellite and in-situ data during winter 2004. In results of the satellite data, the average value of sea surface temperature in the Yellow Sea for 2003 was $10^{\circ}C$, and the average value of sea surface temperature for 2004 was $13^{\circ}C$. It was higher than those of the last year about $3^{\circ}C$. In results of the in-situ data, the average value of surface layer temperature in the Yellow Sea for 2003 was $9.85^{\circ}C$, and the average value of surface layer temperature for 2004 was $12.17^{\circ}C$. In the same satellite data, it was higher than those of the last year about $3^{\circ}C$. In results of the T-S diagram, we divided definitely into water mass of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in 2003. But we didn't divide definitely into water mass of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in 2004. The average values of air temperature and wind speed for 2003 were $5.23^{\circ}C$ and 4.81 m/s, respectively. And, the average values of air temperature and wind speed for 2004 were $5.61^{\circ}C$ and 4.52 m/s, respectively. So, These were similar. But the wind directions for 2003 were superior northwestern wind, and the wind directions for 2004 were various northern wind. The wind directions were different from each other. Therefore, the abnormal sea surface temperature rise in the coastal area of the Yellow Sea during winter 2004 were better related to oceanic variation in the offshore than influences of atmosphere. In the future, We will do in-depth study for these.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.508-520
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• 2016

In this study, variations in water temperature after the passage of typhoons in Korean waters from 2009-2015 were analyzed. Sea surface temperature (SST) images derived from satellite remote sensing data were used, and water temperature information came from real-time mooring buoys at Yangyang, Gangneung, Samcheok and Yeoungdeok, while wind data was supplied by the Korea Meteorological Administration. Differences in SST observed before and after the passage of a typhoon using the SST images were found to be affected by wind direction as well as hot and cool seasonal tendencies. Coastal water temperatures of the eastern part of the Korean peninsula, located to the right of a typhoon, as in the case of typhoons Muifa, Chanhom, Nakri and Tembin, were lowered by a coastal upwelling system from southerly winds across the water's surface at depths of 15m and 25m. In particular, typhoons Chanhom and Tembin decreased water temperatures by about $8-11^{\circ}C$ and $16^{\circ}C$, respectively. However, temperatures to the left of the typhoons were increased by a downwelling of offshore seawater with a high temperature through the mid and lower seawater layers. After the passage of the typhoons, further mixing of seawater at a higher or lower temperature due to southerly or northerly winds, according to the context, lasted for 1-2 or 4 days, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.168-178
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• 2006

In recent years, an ingress of mass jellyfish into cooling water intake system causes interruption of electric power production at the Uljin nuclear power plant. Therefore, monitering and forecast on the mass ingress of marine organisms are demanded as one of the early preventing measurements. Sea water movement is a major factor on the ingress of marine organisms like Moon jellyfish which has weak self-mobile ability. When sea surface flow direction adjacent to the Uljin is the northwest, the jellyfish on the Tsushima warm currents move to the Uljin power plant. To detect the direction of sea surface warm flows, the spatial range with $25km{\times}25km$ is set up and NOAA sea surface temperature(SST) data are collected in this area. For the statistical analysis, the SST data are made as GIS point data and geostatistical analysis of ArcGIS is used. Analyzing directional semivariogram, the anisotropy of the SST point data are calculated and warm flow direction is detected. This experimental results are expected to use as an element technology for the early warning system development of mass jellyfish ingress in power plant.