• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.189-196
• /
• 2014

In Korea, over 4,700 animal carcass disposal sites were installed until 2011 due to the outbreak of foot and mouth disease. Due to the putrefaction of buried animals, the leachate containing veterinary antibiotics may release into surrounding environments. Antibiotic residues in the environment cause the formation of antibiotic resistance bacteria threatening human and ecosystem health. This study reports the concentrations of five antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamethazine (SMZ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), in soils from animal carcass disposal site and adjacent agricultural field. Concentrations of antibiotics at animal carcass disposal sites (TC: $144.26-350.73{\mu}g/kg$, SMZ: $17.72-44.94{\mu}g/kg$) were higher than those at agricultural field (TC: $134.16-320.73{\mu}g/kg$, SMZ: $6.48-8.85{\mu}g/kg$) whereas the concentrations of CTC, OTC, and SMX were below detection limit in both sites. Results showed that the antibiotics in animal carcass site might leach to the soil and possibly contaminating the groundwater. Future studies will focus on the transfer of antibiotics residues into food crops.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.134-141
• /
• 2011

Two-hundred Bacillus cereus isolated from perilla leaf cultivation areas in Miryang, Korea were investigated for toxin genes and antibiotic susceptibility. Toxigenic patterns of isolates were identified to be 11 groups through toxin gene profiles. 21% of strains isolated from the perilla leaves had both enterotoxin and emetic toxin. Toxin genes entFM (100%), nheA (100%) and hblA, C, D (65.5%) were frequently found in the perilla leaves, whereas EM (21.0%) was less common. Most isolates were susceptible to 10 antibiotics, but they were highly resistant to penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), oxacillin (94.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (95.6%), cefazolin (78.2%), and rifampicin (58.0%). These results indicate that food-borne outbreak caused by B. cereus might lead to diarrhea and emetic syndromes.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.178-185
• /
• 2015

Purpose: We investigated trends in antibiotic pressure and the antibiotic susceptibility of gram negative bacteria isolated from Korean children over 10 consecutive years. Methods: From January 2004 to December 2013, the antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii blood isolates obtained from children <18 years of age was determined according to the 2009 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Antibiotic consumption data were also analyzed. Results: The prevalence of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii bacteremia was 4.6, 3.5, 3.4, and 2.2 cases/1,000 blood cultures/year, respectively. In K. pneumoniae, resistance to the third and fourth cephalosporin did not increase significantly. However, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae first appeared in 2010, and the resistance rate increased to 9% between 2012 and 2013. Resistance to 3rd and 4th cephalosporin increased from 10% to 50% in E. coli, and resistance to carbapenem rose abruptly from 11% to 71% in A. baumannii (P for trend <0.01). However, such an increase of resistance was not observed in P. aeruginosa. There is a positive correlation between the resistance rate of cefepime in E. coli and the consumption of cefepime (r=0.900, P=0.037). Conclusion: The significant burden of antibiotic consumption and the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance to gram negative pathogen isolated from bacteremic children were observed. Empirical antibiotics should be wisely selected, and continued efforts to decrease the overall antibiotic pressure are mandatory, especially in highly resistant situations.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.66
• /
• pp.258-265
• /
• 2023

After application of veterinary antibiotics, they may be partially metabolized before they are excreted by feces or urine either as unaltered form or as metabolites. Residual antibiotics enter the adjacent agricultural environments by spraying manure-based compost and liquid fertilizer on farmlands and lead to secondary pollution. The objective of this study was to compare the residual concentrations of 6 veterinary antibiotics by different production stages of liquid fertilizer from livestock manure recycling facilities. The relationship between concentration change of the residual antibiotics and the amount of liquid fertilizer component was also assessed. Pre-treatment showed the recovery of 63.4-106.7% at ppb level and the limit of quantification of 0.009-0.037 ㎍/L.As the result of analyzing the relationship between the residual concentrations of antibiotics and the amount of N component in liquid fertilizer by different production stages, the residual concentrations of antibiotics and N tended to decrease as the stabilization period elapsed during the liquid fertilization process. Average concentrations of sulfamethazine in raw materials, middle and final products of liquid fertilizer were 40.85, 26.17, 3.54 ㎍/L, respectively. Those of chlortetracycline decreased from 2.32 to 1.25 ㎍/L. The other 4 antibiotics also showed a decreasing trend by different production stages of liquid fertilizer. The amount of liquid fertilizer component N decreased from 0.21 to 0.096% by production stages of liquid fertilizer. It is considered that the correlation between residual antibiotic concentrations and N content can be applied as basic data for setting antibiotic reduction indicators.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.146-149
• /
• 2013

Bacteria of genus Vibrio are Gram-negative, curved, halophilic, nonspore-forming bacteria, autochthonous inhabitans of the marine and estuarine environments. Some of the Vibrio species such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae are associated with human disease. Each year many people have been suffering from food-borne disease caused by the ingestion of seafood. In this study, we have monitored antibiotic resistance of this microorganism in 6 coastal areas of West Sea by sampling shellfish monthly. Vibrio spp. were detected from 23.3% of 120 samples analyzed using TCBS agar plates as well as API 20E kit. Among 16 antibiotics tested, resistance to vancomycin and ampicillin was observed in 82.1% of the isolates, and Vibrio spp. resistant to rifampin (71.4%) and cephalothin (53.6%) were also high. Most of the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol (92.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (92.9%), and tetracycline (96.4%). About 71.4% of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance toward 3 antibiotics including vancomycin and ampicillin.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.198-205
• /
• 1999

유럽연합의회는 1998년 12월 17일 사료첨가물에 관한 유럽의회규정(Council Directive 70/524/EEC, `70. 11. 23)을 개정(Council Regulation EC 2821/98)하여 그동안 사료첨가용으로 사용을 허용하였던 항생물질 중 아연바시트라신, 스피라마이신, 인산타일로신 및 버지니아마이신 등 4종의 사용을 금지하였다. 그러나 풀라보포스포리폴(풀라보마이신), 모넨신소디움, 살리노마이신소디움, 아빌라마이신 등 4종의 사료첨가용 항생물질은 계속 사용이 허용된다. 축산식품의 안전성이 강조되고 있는 가운데 유럽연합의 이러한 조치는 축산분야에 종사하는 사람들에게 커다란 관심을 갖게 하고있다. 이 글은 유럽연합이 4종의 항생물질을 사료첨가용으로 사용을 금지하게된 배경을 살펴봄으로서 유럽연합의 사료첨가용 항생제 사용금지에 관한 정확한 내용을 파악하는데 도움을 드리기 위하여 작성되었다. 유럽연합의 아연바시트라신, 스피라마이신, 인산타일로신 및 버지니아마이신 등 4종의 항생제에 대한 이러한 사용금지 조치는 가축의 성장촉진용으로 사용되는 이러한 항생물질에 내성을 획득한 가축의 세균이 인체에 기생하는 세균에게 그 내성을 전달하여 인체용으로 사용되는 관련 약품들에 대하여 내성을 일으켜 사람에서의 질병 치료를 어렵게 함으로서 인체의 건강을 해할 우려가 있다는 전제하에서 실시되었다. 이러한 조치는 현재까지 확실한 증거가 나타나지는 않았으나, 그 위험을 배제할 수 없으므로 이러한 위험을 예방하는 차원에서 이루어지는 예방적 조치이며, 따라서 금번의 사용금지 조치는 유럽연합 집행위원회에서 2000년 12월 31일 이전까지 이러한 항생제의 내성 유발에 관한 여러 가지 연구와 항생제 투여동물에서의 미생물 내성 감시 프로그램의 결과에 따라 재검토될 것을 규정하고 있다. 금번 사용금지 조치된 4종의 항생제는 그 동안 우리나라에서도 그 유효성과 안전성이 인정되어 축산 현장에서 사용되어온 물질들이다. 금번 유럽연합의 조치는 우리나라에서도 이러한 항생제들에 대한 재평가의 필요성을 제기하는 것으로서 이 분야에 종사하는 산업계, 학계, 연구계가 모두 힘을 모아 조속한 기간 내에 그 안전성을 재평가하여 축산식품에서의 안전성을 확보하도록 노력하여야할 것이다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 2015

In this study, we aimed to make antibiotic-intercalated smectite composites using amoxicillin and clarithromycin as hygroscopic antibiotics, and gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin as non-hygroscopic aminoglucosides, and to check their drug delivery potential in gastric system using preliminary in-situ column release test for clarithromycinsmectite composite. All antibiotics were successfully intercalated into the interlayer of smectite by cation-exchange reaction in the batch experiment. Equilibrium batch test showed that clarithromycin-intercalation followed Langmuir isotherm and the possible maximum amount was calculated as 1.811 mmole/g. Clarithromycin was continuously released by the solutions of pH=2, 3, and 4 and the amount was decreased with pH increase.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2003

Antibacterial activities of 33 antibiotics against Pseudomonas tolaasii causing the brown blotch disease on the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, were tested in vitro for the control of the disease. Tetracyclin, kanamycin, kasugamycin, and streptomycin showed strong antibacterial activity against P. tolaasii, having the minimal inhibitory concentration of 10, 10, 100 and 200ppm, respectively. These antibiotics showed similar control value of 72.9, 71.2, 68.1 and 62.7%, respectively when applied on the artificially infected mushroom beds. Mushroom yields in the tetracycline treated boxes were increased about 31.8% comparing to the control ones. Mycelial growth of P. ostreatus on the PDA supplemented with streptomycin and kanamycin were not affected, but were inhibited 10~20% and 40% with tetracyclin and kasugamycin treatment, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.6-10
• /
• 2010

Bacterial pathogens were isolated from dogs with urinary tract infection (UTI) in local animal hospitals between August 2003 and December 2009. Bacteria were isolated from urine of 47 dogs. The isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 27), Streptococcus spp. (n = 7), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 5), Enterobacter spp. (n = 3), Proteus spp. (n = 2), other species were 3 strains, respectively. E. coli were susceptible to imimpenem, polymyxin B, amikacin, cephalosporins, aztreonam, amoxicillin clavulate, cephalosporins, tricarcillin, and amoxicillin clavulate, while were resistant bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and novobiocin. Streptococcus spp. were susceptible to bacitracin, imimpenem, and trimethoprime-sulfa, while were highly resistant amikacin, cefotaxim, cefoxitin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin, and tobramycin. Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to cefoxitin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, imimpenem, and tobramycin, but were resistant aztreonam and tetracycline.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.305-310
• /
• 2011

조혈모세포이식술(또는 HSCT)을 받은 환자에게는 이식관련 부작용의 예방 또는 치료를 위해 면역억제 약물이 투여되는데, 그 중 하나인 cyclosporine은 therapeutic index가 작고 다양한 요인에 의해 혈중농도가 변화되므로 사용시에는 세심한 관찰과 조절이 필요하다. 특히 HSCT 환자에서 발생하는 호중구 감소성 발열(또는 NPF)의 치료목적으로 투여하는 항생제에 의하여 cyclosporine의 혈중농도가 변화될 수 있고, 또 임상적 경과에 따라 항생제 처방이 중도에 변경되는 경우도 빈번하지만, 실제로 항생제 처방의 중간변경에 의한 cyclosporine의 혈중농도 변화양상을 연구한 결과는 많지 않다. 이에, 과거 2년 동안 한 상급종합병원에서 HSCT후 cyclosporine을 투여 받았던 환자 중에서 통상적인 NPF 치료용 항생제인 ciprofloxacin을 투여하다가 치료성과를 높이기 위하여 cefepime으로 대체 투여했던 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 1차 선택약인 ciprofloxacin에서 항생제를 변경했을 때 cyclosporine의 혈중농도가 유의성 있게 증가했는데, 이는 ciprofloxacin 보다 cefepime이 간에서 cyclosporine을 분해시키는 효소생성을 억제시켰기 때문일 것으로 예측되며, HSCT 환자에서 NPF 치료용 항생제를 ciprofloxacin에서 cefepime으로 변경 시에는 병용중인 cyclosporine 유지용량을 약 13% 감량하는 것이 cyclosporine의 효과는 유지하면서 부작용의 발생위험을 감소시키는 데 유용한 방안이 될 것으로 사료된다.