• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2007

In this study, physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic analyses were carried out on cabbage kimchi, a representative fermented food, that was made with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% mulberry leaf powder during fermentation. This kimchi was then compared to, kimchi without added mulberry leaf powder. The pH values showed minimal differences between the two types of kimchi at the beginning of fermentation. The total acidities were low in every plot of kimchi and increased according to the fermentation. The total microbial cell and Lactobacilus counts increased rapidly in the exponential phase according to the fermentation, and showed little increase in the stational phase. Among the analyzed plots, the lowest population was found in the kimchi containing 1.0% of mulberry leaf powder. This kimchi, in particular, also had the best quality scores, overall acceptance and organoleptic test results during fermentation. Fermentation was slowed in the kimchi with mulberry leaf powder, according to the amount of added as compared to the kimchi without it also showed less acidity. The color appearance, however, of the kimchi with added mulberry leaf powder, was inferior to that of the kimchi without mulberry leaf powder.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2013

The spawning behavior, development of eggs and larvae of the Five striped damselfish, Abudefduf vaigiensis were studied. The Five striped damselfish were caught at Dolsan Island, Yeosusi, Jeollanamdo from May in 2011. As a result of observation, male fish attracted female after cleaning the rock. Female left after spawning and male protected their eggs until they had hatched out. The fertilized eggs were elliptical in shape (mean long diameter: 1.06 mm; mean short diameter: 0.55 mm) and transparent. Larvae hatched at 53 hrs after fertilization in $24.5{\sim}26.5^{\circ}C$(mean $25.0^{\circ}C$). The newly hatched larvae were 2.55~2.86 mm (mean 2.71 mm, n=10) in total length and their mouth and anus were already opened. They began to eat rotifer and transformed to postlarva stage. 3 days after hatching postlarva was measured 2.74~2.97mm(mean 2.84 mm, n=10) in total length. 10 days after hatching postlarva was measured 3.85~4.20mm(mean 4.00 mm, n=10) in total length with dosal fin rays IV-5; ventral fin rays I-3; caudal fin rays 1~2.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2003

Properties of seed production in Corydalis, spring ephemeral, group were studied during two years at Namhansansung area. Corydalis´ flower was out in the early April and its seed dispersed in the early May. The period of total seed production was 30 days. The decrease rate of sex organs was the highest between deflowering time and early fruiting time. The numbers of flower and seed per plant were in the range of 1∼13 and 0∼76, respectively. And the number of seed per fruit was from zero to twenty. In a plant, seed production was the most (11.8 seeds) in the lowest fruit and conspicuously decreased along the upward fruit. In the same plant, seed production was various by each year. The plants of small tuber size produced more seeds and those of large tuber size produced fewer seeds in the next year than this year. In the early growth season, the flowering plants/total plants rate increased in proportion to plant size (tuber volume), the rate of the smallest size class (<100 ㎣) was in the range of 5.0%(1999)∼5.4%(2000), those over the 600 ㎣ size classes were 100%. The number of flower per plant at the same size class were higher in 2000 than in 1999. Especially, at the size class of 900 ㎣≤, the numbers of flower per plant were 13.2 in 2000 and 6.5 in 1999. In the late growth season, the flowering plants/total plants rates were 13.3%in the smallest size class (<100 ㎣)and 100% over the 500 ㎣ size classes. Therefore, the flowering plants/total plants rates along the size classes were higher in the late growth season than in the early one. The bumer of fruit or seed per plant increased in proportion to the volume and dry weight of tuber, there was not significant and varied along each plant in the same size class. The number of fruit or seed per plant conspicuously increased in proportion to the leaf area. Therefore, it was thought that seed production was related to photosynthetic ability during growth season.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.42
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• pp.29-68
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• 2015

This article focused on the development and current status of Sijo-chang, the Korean classical vocal genre, which is the text as a fixed form of Korean classical poems. Historically, Sijo-chang has originally emerged from Hyangga鄕歌 during Silla period (BC. 57- AD. 935). However, the current Sijo-chang has been developed from the latter of Joseon朝鮮 period(AD. 1392-1910) in 1800s. Since 1800s, Sijo-chang derived from the Gyeong-je Pyeong sijo京制 平時調, which was established in Seoul, was able to accelerate its musical types and regional characteristics among the Korean peninsula. By setting a clear division of two time periods between 1800s and those periods since 1900s to today, this article mainly explains how Sijo-chang has been developed historically. First of all, in order to appraise the musical styles and characteristics of Sijo-chang in 1800s, comparing the current musical types of Sijo-chang and those printed old score books which has its historical musical characteristics during 1800s is necessary. Secondly, this paper concentrated on the transmitted lineages of representative vocalists among the regional-based Sijo-chang from 1900s to today. During those periods, the Sijo-chang has formed its particular regional-based musical characteristics among the Korean peninsula such as Yeong-je嶺制 of Gyeongsang province慶尙道, Naepo-je內浦制 of Chungcheong province忠淸道 and Wan-je完制 of Cheolla province全羅道. Although it was not a type of regional-based Sijo-chang, as a creation with reference based on certain regional types of Sijo-chang in 1960s, this paper introduced the inheritance process of Seogam-je石菴制 which was made by Jung Gyeong-tae鄭坰兌 named Seogam石菴 as his pen name. Since Seogam-je has been singing as the most influential musical types of Sijo-chang through the mainly southern region of Korean peninsula and even in Seoul, it was highly significant to research it. In addition, this paper elaborately highlighted the developments of various Sijo-chang based on its historical performances, studies, and the composed pieces from the early 1900s or the mid-1900s. In conclusion, in order to set a vigorous development of Sijo-chang, this paper raised several concerns among the future of Sijo-Chang and the significance of its traditional value.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-124
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• 2015

The 'Imjin System' (or Rimjin System) was established in 1962 as a new stratigraphic unit separated from the Upper Paleozoic Pyeongan System based on the discovery of brachiopods and echinoderms of possible Devonian age. Subsequent discoveries of the Middle Devonian charophytes confirmed the Devonian age of the system. The Imjin System is distributed in the Imjingang Belt between the Pyongnam Basin and the Gyeonggi Massif, spans from the eastern areas including Cholwon-gun of the Gangwon Province, Gumchon-gun, Phanmun-gun, and Tosan-gun of the Hwanghaebuk Province, to the western areas of Gangryong-gun and Ongjin-gun of the Hwanghaenam Province, and includes the Yeoncheon Group (metamorphic complex) to the south. Unlike the lower Paleozoic strata in the Pyongnam Basin which solely produce marine invertebrate fossils, the Imjin System yields diverse non-marine plant and algal fossils. Brachiopods of the system are similar to those from the Devonian of the South China Block and include taxa endemic to the platform, implying a close paleogeographic affinity to the South China Block. The Imjin System is generally considered as of Middle to Late Devonian in age, although there have been suggestions that the system is of the Middle Devonian to Carboniferous in age. North Korean workers postulated that the Imjin System was deposited in the current geographic position, where the "Imjin Sea" (an extension of the South China Platform) was located during the Devonian. The Imjin System displays strong local variations in stratigraphy and its thickness. It has recently been reported that the strata are repeated and overturned by thrust faults in many exposures. The Yeoncheon Group a southward extension of the Imjin System, also experienced intense tight folding and contractional deformation. Northward decrease in metamorphic grade within the system suggests that the northern part of the Gyeonggi Massif and the Imjingang Belt are probably an extension of the Dabie-Sulu Belt between the South China and Sino-Korean blocks, and the Imjin System is an remnant of accretion resulted from the collision between the two blocks. In order to understand tectonic evolution and Paleozoic paleogeography of eastern Asia, further studies on stratigraphic, sedimentologic and tectonic evolution of the Imjin System involving scientists from the two Koreas are urgently needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.344-352
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• 2019

Drought stress caused by global climate change is a serious problem for rice cultivation. Increasingly frequent abnormal weather occurrences could include severe drought, which could cause water stress to rice during the seedling stage. This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of drought during the seedling period on yield and quality of rice. Drought conditions were created in a rain shelter house facility. The drought treatment was conducted at 3, 10, and 20 days after transplanting. Soil water content was measured by a soil moisture sensor during the whole growth stage. In this study, we have chosen 3 rice cultivars which are widely cultivated in Korea: 'Haedamssal' (Early maturing), 'Samkwang' (Medium maturing), and 'Saenuri' (Mid-late maturing). The decrease in yield due to drought treatment was most severe 3 days after transplanting because of the decrease in the number of effective tillers. The decrease in grain quality due to drought treatment was also most severe 3 days after transplanting because of the increased protein content and hardness of the grains. The cultivar 'Haedamssal' was the most severely damaged by water stress, resulting in about a 30% yield loss. Drought conditions diminished the early vigorous growth period and days to heading in early-maturing cultivars. The results show that drought stress affects yield components immediately after transplanting, which is a decisive factor in reducing yield and grain quality. This study can be used as basic data to calculate damage compensation for drought damage on actual rice farms.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.352-360
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• 2002

This study was carried out to find out the effect of Milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.) on growth, and yield of rice, physicochemical properties of soil, reduction rate of nitrogen fertilization, and soil improvement under the different plowing time with Milk vetch cultivated in paddy field, plowing at maximum blooming, last blooming, fruiting stages. The fresh weight of Milk vetch at each plowing time of maximum blooming, last blooming and fruiting stage was 22,500, 20,000, $12,500kg\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. Content of total nitrogen at three plowing times was 2.95, 2.66, and 2.47% and the C/N ratio were 15.7, 18.0, and 19.2, respectively. Physico-chemical properties of soil were improved in cultivated milk vetch, the content of T-N. OM and porosity ratio were increased while the content of $P_2O_5$ and bulk density, solidphase ratio were decreased compared to noncultivated milk vetch. Content of $NH_4-N$ in soil was highest plowing at maximum blooming stage and appeared an increasing tendency according to increased nitrogen level. Amount of nitrogen fertilizer by rice was highest plowing at maximum blooming stage and appeared an increasing tendency according to increased nitrogen level. Nitrogen-use efficiency was high in $33kg\;ha^{-1}$ nitrogen level at three plowing times. The number of spikelets per $m^2$ was high in plowing at maximum blooming stage, last blooming stage and the percentage of ripeness was high in fruiting stage of milk vetch. So the rice yield was increased 9%, 8% in $55kg\;ha^{-1}$ nitrogen level plowing at maximum blooming stage, last blooming stage and 1% in $77kg\;ha^{-1}$ nitrogen level plowing at fruiting stage compared to conventional cultivation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.50-58
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• 2004

Valy-Tyrosine (VY) derived from alkaline pretense hydrolyzate of sardine muscles showed the in vitro Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and the in vivo antihypertensive effect in SHR. We investigated the antihypertensive effect of the VY on mild hypertensive subjects including subjects with high-normal blood pressure using a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. (1) Nineteen subjects (Age 48.9${\pm}$4.3, M/F;18/1) took a 100ml drink either containing 125${\mu}$g of VY or placebo twice daily for 4 weeks. The reductions of the systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed in mild hypertensive subjects (n=5) with averages of 17.8${\pm}$2.5 mmHg (p<0.01 vs placebo) and 11.0${\pm}$2.0 mmHg(p<0.05 vs placebo), respectively. Neither SBP nor DBP changed in the subjects of both the placebo group and the high-normal blood pressure group. (2) A randomized double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study was carried out in 10 mild essential hypertensive subjects (Age 50.6${\pm}$4.6, M/F;10/0). They took a 100ml drink either containing 62.5${\mu}$g of VY or placebo twice daily for 4 weeks alternatively with a 6-week interval. The percent changes in SBP and DBP were -6.9 % and -5.8 % (p<0.05) one week after the VY drink administration, respectively. No adverse effects such as coughing or allergic phenomena could be observed in any of the subjects of drinking VY during the experimental period. These results suggest that the drink containing at least 125${\mu}$g/day of VY may have a significant antihypertensive effect on mild hypertensive subjects without any adverse effects.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.505-511
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• 2008

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary mugwort on the proximate composition, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and fatty acid in chicken meats. One hundred sixty broiler chicks (1 d old) were assigned to one or four dietary groups: Control; commercial feed supplemented with 1% mugwort (T1); commercial feed with 3% mugwort (T2) and commercial feed with 5% mugwort (T3). After 42 d, broilers from each group were slaughtered and meat samples were vacuum packaged and stored at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ over a period of 0, 1,2,3, and 4 wk. Chicken breast was not influenced by all treatments in moisture, crude protein and crude fiber, while crude fat was lowered (p<0.05) in chickens fed with the T2 and T3 diets compared to the control and T1 diets. All treatments with mugwort diets tended to have decreased VBN values for chicken breast and thigh compared to control. As storage time increased, VBN was increased for all chickens (p<0.05). No significant differences in TBARS were observed among all treatments at 0 wk. TBARS values were reduced with the T2 and T3 diets and initially increased from 0 through 3 wk, then abruptly decreased at 4 wk. Dietary mugwort supplementation resulted in increased stearic acid (excepted T2) and oleic acid and decreased linoleic acid. Stearic acid in thigh meat was decreased in the T1, T2 and T3, however linoleic acid levels tended to increase with mugwort powder supplementation. It is concluded that dietary mugwort has a positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid contents and decreasing saturated fatty acids.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.75-87
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• 2017

This study is the research about Okcheonjeong(玉泉亭) located in the backyard of Namhansanseong(南漢山城)'s temporary palace(行宮). Okcheonjeong was not only built by a government inside Namhansanseong but it was also representative garden which is shown the culture of the nobility. It became famous garden ruins recently because it has remained many carved stones. However, there has been no study about Okcheonjeong yet. We studied Okcheonjeong to establish basic knowledge by literature analysis and field investigation. We tried to discover garden style by deciphering carved stones, and estimate Okcheonjeong's location by documentary research. Sim, Sang-Gyu became Gwangjuyusu(廣州留守) in 1816, and he built Okcheonjeong on the backyard of Namhansanseong's temporary palace in 1817. It was located in the foot of a mountain beside a stream. It consisted of Pungaepok(楓靄瀑: waterfall), Chusudam(秋水潭: a little pond), and Okcheon(玉泉: a stone wall). The stone for sign stands in front of the entrance of Pungaepok to show Okcheonjeong, and there is Yeongyeondae(泠然臺) above the waterfall. We thought that Okcheonjeong was typical Imcheon-garden(林泉庭苑). Okcheonjeong is located in the foot of a mountain following Gamigyeong(歌薇逕) 60 meters so it was able to see the whole temporary palace from the Okcheonjeong. It was the garden pavilion of temporary palace, but it was used in semi public garden(半公的庭苑). Okcheonjeong is the only graden ruins which was located in Namhansanseong, so we have to preserve as cultural heritage. We expect to make use of primary datas to restore Namhansanseong soundly which was world heritage.