• Defense and Technology
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• no.3 s.265
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• pp.52-59
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• 2001

비잔틴 제국의 전략은 본질적으로 중세의 세련된 억제의 개념이었는데, 그것은 가능한 한 전쟁을 피하는 것에 기초하고 있었다. 가능한 한 최소의 비용 지출과 최소한의 병력으로 침략자들과 필요시 전쟁을 하고, 필요하면 격퇴하고 심판하고 압박하는 것이었다. 경제적, 정치적 및 심리적인 전쟁을 구사하여 실무의 운용에 도움을 주었고, 가끔 실전도 치르지 않은 채 이상의 요소만으로 전쟁을 수행하기도 하였다. 무시무시한 적들로부터 가해지는 위험을 줄이기 위하여 언제나 동맹 정책이 사용되었다. 분쟁이 발생된 지역에 가까이 위치한 동맹국들이나 반독립적인 야만인 추장에 대하여 지불된 보조금은 군대의 부담을 역시 감소시켰다.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.4 s.266
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• pp.56-63
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• 2001

비잔틴 제국의 전략은 본질적으로 중세의 세련된 억제의 개념이었는데, 그것은 가능한 한 전쟁을 피하는 것에 기초하고 있었다. 가능한 한 최소의 비용 지출과 최소한의 병력으로 침략자들과 필요시 전쟁을 하고, 필요하면 격퇴하고 심판하고 압박하는 것이었다. 경제적, 정치적 및 심리적인 전쟁을 구사하여 실무의 운용에 도움을 주었고, 가끔 실전도 치르지 않은 채 이상의 요소만으로 전쟁을 수행하기도 하였다. 무시무시한 적들로부터 가해지는 위험을 줄이기 위하여 언제나 동맹 정책이 사용되었다. 분쟁이 발생된 지역에 가까이 위치한 동맹국들이나 반독립적인 야만인 추장에 대하여 지불된 보조금은 군대의 부담을 역시 감소시켰다.

• Monthly Duck's Village
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• s.57
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• pp.50-53
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• 2008

오리는 유라시아 대륙에 서식하는 철새 천둥오리(Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard)를 길들인 것이다. 가금류로서 오리의 가장 오래된 자료는 기원 전 400~200년경에 중국에 기술되어 있다. 그러나 더 오래된 시대의 것이라고 생각할 수 있는 집오리를 본뜬 도기가 발굴되고 있는 점에서, 중국에서 오리를 가금화시킨 것은 적어도 3000년 이전으로 생각할 수 있다. 다른 지역에서는 중세까지 오리의 가금화는 실시되지 않았던 것 같다. 현재 세계적으로 집오리의 사육수수는 6억수 정도로 집오리는 약 60%가 중국, 25%가 동남아시아와 아시아를 중심으로 사육되고 있다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-54
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• 2019

In this paper, based on evidence of coastal sediment, we show that erosion and sedimentation environments are very sensitive to sea level changes during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). We identified four sedimentary units(4.57-3.07m), which formed in the Dark Age Cool Period (DACP), MWP and LIA were classified based on the lithostratigraphy, grain size distribution, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of a drilling core taken from the west coast of Hwaseong City. The unconformity surfaces as boundaries of the units were also identified by the lithostratigraphy shown on the drilling core. We propoese that sedimentation was dominant in the area during the periods of sea level rise, whereas erosion prevailed during the periods of sea level fall. Particularly, extreme events, such as floods and typhoons are believed to have accelerated these processes, and we found the associated evidence in sediments of two units. This study provides an example of estimating the relative sea level variation using coastal sediments and may be useful for studying past sea level changes around the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.5 no.1 s.12
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• pp.78-86
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• 2007

One of the latest social trends is to reappear old things under the banner of the revival. It is easily found in the fashion industry because Fashion is not divided into the past, the present and the future thing but coexisting through all ages. The purpose of this study was to pursue the healthy and characteristic beauty of the modem people by understanding the beauty culture of the ancient. The Middle ages were mainly classified into Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic by historical and cultural factors. In the Byzantine age, the clothing with rich silhouette was worn by the influence of the abstemious religion and it didn't express a specific proportion of human body. The people covered their hair with turbans and veils for the period. The Romanesque era was affected by the religious idealism and the Greek-Roman culture. The ideal proportion of human body could be 8 heads high and the clothes expressing natural silhouette of human body came out. Depending on the feel of the flowing texture, long-braided hair was typical in that time, and also wearing kinds of head dress as personal ornaments was characteristic in the age. In the period of Gothic, the long and weak human body was emphasized. The ideal proportion of human body could be figured with 8.5 heads high and it was expressed with the form of artificial and vertical silhouette such like tight-fitting upper garments, gathered skirts and long hats.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.221-226
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• 2009

The character design in Chinese game by the strong impact of the western game. Chinese plays have being the intense feeling to the dragon image in Western. Therefore the dragon which in the game dragon role design is necessary to use the Chinese tradition dragon. First, consider of the cultural and the design and style expression and analysis the existing dragon role in MMORPG. Proposed that the game dragon role using the suggestion which the East and West dragon modelling fuses.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.157-166
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• 2005

The purpose of the study is to understand the symbolic meaning of jewelry. Among various characteristics of symbols, the symbolic meaning represents the correlation between meanings. Wearing jewelry is an instinctive action that can be witnessed from ancient civilizations. Man used jewelry for various purposes, as an ornament, an amulet, a symbol of wealth or power or as a token of love. In this study, I have researched the symbolic meaning of jewelry in its historic background focusing on rings that show the strongest symbolic characteristic among jewelries. Whereas the symbolic meaning of jewelry was strongly accentuated in the ancient and medieval times, it was gradually weakened in the modern time. Also, while jewelry in the ancient and medieval times showed commonness and universality, jewelry in modern time expressed individuality. Although the meaning of jewelry changed progressively by interacting with the external environment, jewelry has always roused sense and symbolism from our hearts and has acted as a means to express ideas and emotions of human beings.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2015

This study investigated the color culture in the Japanese Medieval Age. The Japanese Medieval Age included the Kamakura period (1180-1333) and Muromachi period (1336-1573), and the leading group transitioned from the Kuge families to the Buke families. The taboos about colors from ancient times became nominal, and forbidden colors, such as purple, celadon, and red, became the colors of the samurai, leading to beautiful soldier gears that were unparalleled in history. In the Kamakura period, colors that conveyed a strong impression were created and preferred with the combination of a samurai's reasonable spirit and zen thoughts. The period was also called "the era of hari", and cross dyeing based on basic colors such as suou (red), ai (blue), and kuchinasi (yellow) was popular. In both the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, conspicuous and strong colors were sought for costumes, and embroidery was used with gold leaf, silver leaf, gold threads, silver threads, and background color. The colors of costume preferred by Buke men in the period included green, blue, and brown. In the characteristics of the kosode, the sugan and hitadare were used for men's formal dress, while kosode was used for the grooming of the working class. In these periods, additionally, the working class began to be socially engaged in actively wearing the one-layer kosode, which became popular, and the characteristics of the Japanese Medieval Age, during which functionality and practicality was valued, were also reflected in the dressing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

This study as one of a series of systematic studies about dancing costumes will compare the costumes of the middle age with their normal style of dress. In brief, this study wants people to know about middle a9e dancing costumes and understand the culture in the middle ages. It was found that people's everyday clothes in the middle age such as Surcot. Surcot-ouvert, Pourpoint, Houppelande were used as dancing costumes. They were, however. changed from the public's clothes which were tight and long. Rather than wearing costume over others. dancers wore costumes which had slits on skirt or sleeves to increase motion. With the Wild Man of the Wood's which only nobles used for their dancing costumes. costumers highlighted the beauty of human body There were various costume materials used in the middle ages like silk. cotton fabrics, linen or brocade. These materials were used for Surcot and Pourpoint as dancing costumes. The naturalness of nature or geometric patterns also was expressed on the costumes. Further about those patterns, because the development of stained glass, vivid colors were used especially red, light green, blue etc. As for the hair styles used, dancers let their hair down and put a jeweled crown over their hair. In summation. dancers wore the same clothes that normal People did, but the costumes were different depending on social status and gender. The costumes of ordinary people's were based upon ordinary clothes that moved and emphasized the dynamic motion. On the other side, the court dancers' costumes were very fancy. symbolizing a measurement of nobles' from wealth and authority. as well as an expression of a sense of beauty, The main features of middle ages follows. : To emphasize vitality, there were long slits on the side of skirt. Hair decorations and jewels are more used than in the ancient age's. To hide a dancer's social status. they could use a mask. Wild Man of the Wood's was used for the body makeup. All these features of the dancing costumes must contribute to the progress of the dance in the middle age's.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.639-666
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• 2010

Meditation on Christ's body is peculiar to late medieval female mysticism. The somatic meditation on Christ basically derives from the Incarnation, but the female mystics focused more on the Passion and the Eucharist, i.e., Christ's bleeding and feeding. Then, female body structure and the gender role of nurturing were combined to make facile her imitatio Christi, because the female body was aptly identified with Christ's body. The blood flowing in the side of Christ was often in medieval graphics and texts identified with a mother's milk for a baby to suck. Wound and food, suffering and nourishing, were inseparable in Christ's and the female mystics' body. Thus, in late medieval female mystical practice, it is important to note, first, female mystics' bodily pain was not to be cured but endured; second, that not only did a female mystic eat Christ's body, but her own body was to be "eaten" by poor neighbors, just as Christ gave his own body to be eaten by believers. As Christ's body is punctured, so does the female body have open holes, and as Christ is food, so is the female body. This female meditation on Christ's body developed the notion of "divine motherhood" to be accepted and enjoyed quite literally by the female mystics in late medieval times. Yet, in a sense, the female mystics' meditating on Christ's feminine function of nourishing can be considered as their accepting and interiorizing the socially constructed female gender role and thus lacking in subversive power. Nevertheless, this meditative practice at least functioned to redeem the female body which had typically been labelled inferior and even dirty. Through Christ's feminized body, the female mystics rehabilitated their bodily dimension, presenting it to be shared by male believers. Capitalizing on the gender stereotype of womanhood itself, they converted female weakness to power.