• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.459-471
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• 2023

This study identified the characteristics of changes in forest areas of North Korea's major regions (Gaesong, Goseong, Pyongyang, and Hyesan·Samsu) using data on degraded lands collected via monitoring by the National Institute of Forest Science. The data, spanning 1999 to 2018, were cross-analyzed to determine trends in land cover change, and hotspot analysis was conducted to confirm evident changes in the forest areas. The results showed that the areas of interest substantially transitioned to other land use types from 1999 to 2008. Contrastingly, the range of changes decreased from 2008 to 2018, with some areas regenerating into forests. Nevertheless, the hotspot analysis indicated that hotspots occurred more intensively in the outskirts of cities and forest edges from 2008 to 2018 than from 1999 to 2008. The analysis also showed that the aforementioned changes were caused by various aspects, depending on regional characteristics and social factors. This study can be used as a basic reference for decision-making on the selection of basic forest restoration targets and restoration methods in inter-Korean forest cooperation initiatives.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2010

The oxygen utilization rate (OUR) is one of the crucial parameters for ocean carbon cycling and climate models. However, parameterization of OUR in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) is yet to be established. We estimated the basin-specific OURs in the East Sea and fitted them with exponential functions with depth by using pCFC- 12 age and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) measured in summer 1999. The estimated OURs are higher in the upper water column and decrease with depth, in general. The vertical distributions of the estimated OURs in the Western and Eastern Japan Basins (WJB & EJB) are very similar. The OURs in the Ulleung Basin (UB) varied greatly depending on whether the surface layer (0~200 m) data are included in the OUR estimate or not. Apparently, weaker oxygen consumption occurs in the deep layer of Yamato Basin (YB). The ranges of the OURs between 200 m and 2000 m at WJB, EJB, UB, and YB are 8.15~0.83, 8.11~0.68, 5.29~0.73, and 7.31~0.06 ${\mu}mol$ $kg^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$, respectively. Consideration of the wintertime surface water oxygen disequilibrium condition in estimating the OUR will be necessary in the future study.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.187-213
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• 2024

This study aims to investigate the impact of mathematical journal writing activities on sixth-grade students' mathematics anxiety and the 'writing' aspect of mathematical communication. For this purpose, 27 sixth-grade students participated in 14 sessions of mathematical journal writing activities while learning division with fractions and decimals. Mathematics anxiety was measured using a questionnaire, with pre- and post-test results statistically analyzed. Mathematical communication in the 'writing' domain was quantitatively measured using an analytical framework to track changes in levels. Additionally, 13 students were interviewed to examine the impact of journal writing on mathematics anxiety and mathematical communication in more detail. The study found that among the four main factors of mathematics anxiety, there was a significant reduction in the subject-specific and environmental factors. The average levels of 'expression' and 'explanation' in the 'writing' domain of mathematical communication gradually increased, with specific teacher feedback supporting improvements in students' communication levels. Based on these findings, the study suggests implications for the use and guidance of mathematical journal writing activities in school settings.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2024

Chung's equations-IX and Chung's equation-XII were utilized to predict the fire risk and evaluate fire risk ratings for four types of wood: camphor, cherry, rubber, and elm trees. The combustion tests were conducted using a cone calorimeter test method by ISO 5660-1 standards. The fire risk and fire risk rating (FRR) were compared for Fire Risk Index-IX (FRI-IX) and Fire Risk Index-XII (FRI-XII). The results yielded Fire Performance Index-XI (FPI-XI) ranging from 0.08 to 11.48 and Fire Growth Index-XI (FGI-XI) ranging from 0.67 to 111.89. The Fire Risk Index-XII (FRI-XII), indicating fire risk rating, exhibited an increasing order of cherry (0.45): Grade A (Ranking 5) < PMMA (1): Grade A (Ranking 4) < elm (1.23): Grade A (Ranking 3) < rubber (1.56): Grade A (Ranking 2) << camphor (148.23): Grade G (Ranking 1). Additionally, the fire risk index-IX (FRI-IX) was cherry (0): Grade A (Ranking 3) ≈ rubber (0): Grade A (Ranking 3) ≈ elm tree (0): Grade A (Ranking 3) < PMMA (1): Grade A (Ranking 2) << camphor tree (66.67): Grade G (Ranking 1). In general, camphor was found to have the highest fire risk. In conclusion, although the expression of the index is different as shown based on the standards of FRI-IX and FRI-XII, predictions based on fire risk assessment of combustible materials showed similar trends.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.458-467
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• 2024

Chung's equation-IX and Chung's equation-XII were utilized to predict the fire risk and evaluate fire risk ratings for five types of wood: white ash, hard maple, willow, fraxinus mandschurica, and sagent cherrys. The combustion tests were conducted using a cone calorimeter test method by ISO 5660-1 standards. The fire risk and fire risk rating (FRR) were compared with fire risk index-IX (FRI-IX) and fire risk index-XII (FRI-XII). The results yielded a fire performance index-XI (FPI-XI) ranging from 0.44 to 1.05 and a fire growth index-XI (FGI-XI) ranging from 0.89 to 3.11. Also, the fire risk index-XII (FRI-XII), indicated fire risk rating, exhibited an increasing order of sagent cherry (0.85): Grade A ≈ PMMA (1): Grade A ≈ white ash (1.22): Grade A ≈ hard maple (1.53): Grade A < willow (4.00): Grade C < faxinus mandschurica (7.07): Grade D. Additionally, the fire risk index-IX (FRI-IX) was PMMA (1): Grade A ≈ hard maple (2.28): Grade A ≈ sagent cherry (3.24): Grade A < white ash (5.73): Grade B < fraxinus mandschurica (10.29): Grade C ≪ willow (48.30): Grade G. In general, the willow and fraxinus mandschurica showed the highest fire risk. In conclusion, although the expression of the index is different as shown based on the criteria of FRI-IX and FRI-XII, predictions based on fire risk assessment of combustible materials showed a similar tendency.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.322-326
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• 2006

Though human being has ability to percept a full colored vision, the technology of early photography only can produce black and white images. For cinema filming imagery also captured mono tone with black and white, until developed a color film technology. The desire for presenting color imagery and the technique for producing film and color ink, photography and print utilize color on it with noticeable color impact to viewers. It, however, abusing fun colors image each and every printed and filmed imagery, the freshness of eye catching power diminished now. On contrast, color becomes black and white or partially used for making discrepancy among full colored images. This image detected commercial and music video, and it spread to film. To use those bleached color images is for evoking a nostalgia and a visual differentiation. Especially, it can be provocative images brought to audience with that. such as "Anycall", "Dimchae" for CF, and "Schindler's list," and "Sin city" for movie. It is hard to investigate on the color studies for partially used images. Therefore, this study is to research that through CF and film, base on it, to investigate the application for this image. To collect data from survey, it will be established a basic concept for understanding the partial color applying.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.234-249
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• 2002

The Miwon-Boeun area in the central and northern part of Okcheon metamorphic zone, Korea, is composed of Okcheon Supergroup and Mesozoic Cheongju and Boeun granitoids which intruded it. The Okcheon Supergroup consists mainly of quartzite (Midongsan Formation), meta-calcareous rocks (Daehyangsan Formation, Hwajeonri Formation), meta-psammitic rocks (Unkyori Formation), meta-politic rocks (Munjuri Formation), meta-conglomeratic rocks (Hwanggangni Formation) in the study area, showing a zonal distribution of NE trend. Its' general trend is locally changed into NS to EW trend in and around high-angle fault of NS or NW trend. This study focused on deformation history of the Okcheon Supergroup, suggesting that the geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation. (1) The first phase of deformation occurred under ductile shear deformation of top-to-the southeast movement, forming sheath fold or A-type fold, asymmetric isoclinal fold, NW-SE trending stretching lineation. (2) The second phase of deformation took place under compression of NW-SE direction, forming subhorizontal, tight upright fold of M trend in the earlier phase, and formed semi-brittle thrust fault (Guryongsan Thrust Fault) of top-to-the southeast movement and associated snake-head fold in the later phase. (3) The third phase of deformation formed subhorizontal, open recumbent fold through gravitational or extensional collapses which might be generated from crustal thickening and gravitational instability. (4) The fourth phase of deformation formed moderately plunging, steeply inclined kink fold related to high-angle faulting, being closely connected with the local change of NE-trending regional foliation into NS to EW direction of strike in the vicinity of the high-angle fault.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 1988

The study was intended to know any relations between the rice tolerance to bensulfuron and varietal speciation in seed protein composition or any enzymatical allelies with or without chemical treatment. Rice varieties used were UCP-28, Chinsurah Boro II, Fukunohama, Fadehpur-2, IR 14252-13-2-2-5 as the tolerant group, and HP 93(3) FA, HP94(9) FA, Padilabou Alumbis, KH-17854, and IR 1846-2841-1 as the susceptible, respectively. Electrophoretic methods used were SDS-PAGE for seed protein, 7% PAGE for isozymes (acid phosphatase, peroxidase, malate dehydrogenase, and esterase from rice seedling) and variation in isoenzyme profiles (malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and esterase) as affected by different concentrations of bensulfuron(0, $10^{-6}$, $10^{-5}$ and $3{\times}10^{-5}M$) was also studied. The results are summarized as follows. -Among 16 bands separated in seed proteins, two different rice groups selected in terms of tolerance to bensulfuron were clustered in dissimilarity, which was based on relatively larger area in whole peaks and higher activities in N, O, P bands for the tolerant group. -Among isozymes obtained from rice seedlings without chemical treatments, the following specificities were obtained. The tolerant varieties had the relatively higher activity in D band out of 4 peroxidase bands. Malate dehydrogenase was separated into 3 bands and only tolerant varieties had A band and higher activities in Band C bands. Esterase was separated into 3-4 bands with higher activities in A and B bands for tolerant varieties. There were one major band accompanied by 2-3 minor bands for acid phosphatase in which only tolerant varieties had the B band. -The effect of Bensulfuron concentration on the isozyme activities showed that the activity of C band in peroxidase was not present in tolerant varieties which was contrary to the increased activities in susceptible varieties. However, D band was gradually disappeared only in susceptible varieties as the concentration of bensulfuron was increased. For malate dehydrogenase in the susceptible varieties, major bands D, E and F kept consistantly higher activities while minor bands A, B and C disappeared sensitively. Among 5 bands of esterase separated, D band was present only in the tolerant varieties while E band only in the susceptible. The activities in A, C, E bands were sharply decreased in the susceptible varieties as the concentration of bensulfuron was increased.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.26
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• pp.79-108
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• 2012

This thesis is on the purpose of seeking for the possibility of a mechanism in interpreting, analyzing and criticizing cartoons which are applied to the concept of "the gaze" based on "the otherness of vision", which states a pluralistic visual world. It proves that cartoons are in line with other art works that are the subject to "lack and desire"; the gaze, greets reality and acts as an important criterion of analyzing and criticizing the trend in contemporary art, in which the cartoon expresses the gaze in harmony within its work of art. In this thesis, the artist, Kang Doh-ha structuralized ambiguous and difficult forms of art as he has cumulated experimental minds by working in an indie cartoon plane for a long period of time. Among his works of art, he identified the "invisible world" through his piece "Kubrik". Therefore, he represented: a metaphor and a metonymy, an ambiguously situational expression, an intentional and emotional error, the structure of individuality and integration, and finally tension beyond its meaning through use of 'the gaze' that is both the cause and the subject of a desire in the visible world which Lacan academized when he interpreted and analyzed "Kubrik". The concept of the gaze can be used in a variety of ways to display one another's presence in relation each character, revealing a spot of lack by staring back at readers or audiences and furthermore, to analyze and criticize the hidden side of the art piece by critics. The most important details are the artist's gaze, which is seen in the eyes of the analysis and also his or her criticism of the cartoon, which functions as a metaphoric screen in which the subject himself or herself betrays the law of desires thus enabling the violent and cruel reality to be masked and indulged in plays. This will serve as an element that will lead into an art as well as control the degradation to just a piece of enjoyment with the cartoon remaining only within the visual world.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.721-728
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• 2004

Velopharyngeal closure is a sphincter mechanism between the activities of the soft palate, lateral pharyngeal wall and the posterior pharyngeal wall, which divides the oral and nasal cavity. It participates in physiological activities such as swallowing, breathing and speech. It is called a velopharyngeal dysfunction when this mechanism malfunctions. The causes of this dysfunction are defects in (1) length, function, posture of the soft palate, (2) depth and width of the nasopharynx and (3) activity of the posterior and lateral pharyngeal wall. The purposes of this study are to analyze the nasopharynx of cleft palate patients using cephalometry and to evaluate the degree of hypernasality using nasometry to find its relationship with velopharyngeal dysfunction. The following results were obtained : 1. In cephalometry, there were significant differences in soft palate length, soft palate thickness, nasopharyngeal depth, nasopharyngeal area, and adequate ratio between two groups. 2. In nasometry, there were significant differences between two groups in vowel /o/ and sentences including oral consonants. 3. In cleft palate patients, though no general correlation was found between Anatomic VPI and nasalance scores, vowel /i/ and sentences including oral consonants were slightly correlated. In conclusion, cephalometry and nasometer results were significantly different between the two groups. Though in the cleft palate group, Anatomic VPI and nasalance scores, which are indices for velopharyngeal closure, excluding the vowel /i/ and sentences including oral consonants show generally no significance.