• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.23-28
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• 2010

This study evaluated the effect of vibration, level of lateral yielding strength, site conditions, ductility factor, strain-hardening ratio, and post-capping ratio of the strength limited bilinear SDF systems on the inelastic displacement ratio. The nonlinear response history analysis was conducted using 240 ground motions which were collected at the sites classified as site classes B, C, and D according to the NEHRP. To account for the P-$\Delta$ effects, this study considered negative stiffness ratios ranging from -0.1 to -0.5 of elastic stiffness. Four different damping ratios are used: 2, 5, 10, and 20%. From this study, an equation of inelastic displacement ratio was proposed using nonlinear regression analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.197-199
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• 2000

연속음성인식을 수행하기 위해서는 발음사전과 언어모델이 필요하다. 이 둘 사이에는 디코딩 단위가 일치하여야 하므로 발음사전 구축시 디코딩 단위로 표제어 단위를 선정하며 표제어 사이의 음운변화 현상을 반영한 발음사전을 구축하여야 한다. 한국어에 부합하는 음운변화현상을 분석하여 학습용 자동 발음열을 생성하고, 이를 통하여 발음사전을 구축한다. 전처리 단계로 기호, 단위, 숫자 등 전처리 과정 및 형태소 분석 과정을 수행하며, 디코딩 단위인 의사 형태소 단위를 생성하기 위해 규칙을 이용한 태깅 과정을 거친다. 이를 통해 나온 결과를 발음열 생성기 입력으로 하며, 결과는 학습용 발음열 또는 발음사전 구성을 위한 형태로 출력한다. 표제어간 음운변화 현상이 반영된 상태의 표제어 단위이므로 실제 음운변화가 반영되지 않은 상태의 표제어와는 그 형태가 상이하다. 이는 연속 발음시 생기는 현상으로 실제 인식에는 이 음운변화 현상이 반영된 사전이 필요하게 된다. 생성된 발음사전의 효용성을 확인하기 위해 다음과 같은 실험을 통해 성능을 평가하였다. 음향학습을 위하여 PBS(Phonetically Balanced Sentence) 낭독체 17200문장을 녹음하고 그 전사파일을 사용하여 학습을 수행하였고, 발음사전의 평가를 위하여 이 중 각각 3100문장을 사용하여 다음과 같은 실험을 수행하였다. 형태소 태그정보를 이용하여 표제어간 음운변화 현상을 반영한 최적의 발음사전과 다중 발음사전, 언어학적 기준에 의한 수작업으로 생성한 표준 발음사전, 그리고 표제어간의 음운변화 현상을 고려하지 않고 독립된 단어로 생성한 발음사전과의 비교 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 표제어간 음운변화 현상을 반영하지 않은 경우 단어 인식률이 43.21%인 반면 표제어간 음운변화 현상을 반영한 1-Best 사전의 경우 48.99%, Multi 사전의 경우 50.19%로 인식률이 5~6%정도 향상되었음을 볼 수 있었고, 수작업에 의한 표준발음사전의 단어 인식률 45.90% 보다도 약 3~4% 좋은 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1195-1203
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• 2014

Since IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) 4 is based on the representation of 3D elements for an architecture project, and does not define standardized shapes for civil projects such as roads, bridges, and tunnels etc, it has limitations in securing interoperability for exchanging a shape information model for the civil projects. Besides, since road facilities have a linear reference, which is modeled along the center alignment, it is difficult the designers to create a standardized 3D road model. The aim of this study is to configure structure elements and their attribute for a road in the perspective of 3D design for developing a shape information model for the road. To solve these issues, this study analyzes the design documents, which consist of a road design handbook, guide, specifications and standards, and then extract shape elements and their attributes of road structures. Such shape elements are defined as an entity item and we review a hierarchical structure of a road shape defined by a virtual road model. The detailed elements and their attributes can be utilized as a 3D shape information model for constructing BIM (Building Information Modeling) environment for Infrastructures. Besides, it is expected that the suggested items will be utilized as a base data for extending to IFC for a road subdividing the detailed shapes, types and attributes for road projects.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2017

In this paper, previous research materials for the education in the area of information and communications of elementary information curriculum, new improvement and the suitability of contents selection were examined and analyzed. Targeting professors in the departments of elementary computer education nationwide, the importance of the educational contents organization and the appropriateness of education period were investigated. Based on the investigation results, they were evaluated through the verification of the third delphi survey, the final educational contents were selected, and the elements of key concepts, achievement standards were drawn up and suggested. The proposed organization of educational contents in the area of information and communications of the elementary information curriculum and the achievement standards will be able to be used for the re-organization and improvement of detailed elementary information educational contents.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2017

Because the concepts and components of computational thinking included in the Information Education Curriculum and the Software Education Guidelines are different, it has been difficult to establish computational thinking-based software education in schools. Therefore, this study, which is based on the Delphi survey results from 39 experts, we defined computational thinking as 'computing thinking' and separated the components of computational thinking into five main categories: (1) problem definition, (2) data analysis, (3) abstraction, (4) automation, and (5) generalization. In addition, we selected software areas that are strongly related to computational thinking in the KAIE's information Curriculum Standard Model and surveyed experts to decide which computing thinking components are related to the achievement criteria of the software areas.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 2005

A variety of research projects have been undertaken due to the recent catastrophic tunnel fires throughout the world, Among them, more emphasis was given to full scale and scale model fire experiments, and recently the area of fire resistance of tunnel structures attract more interests, On the contrary to the cases in most of the advanced countries where design standards as well as recommendations have already been announced, no local criteria for design can be found, This paper aims at deriving the fire characteristics appropriate for the assessment criteria of fire resistance of structures in local tunnels through studying the existing fire temperature curves including ISO 834 standard temperature curve, HC curve, RWS curve, ZTV curve and EBA curve.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2010

Purpose : To generate a Korean specific brain template, especially in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by optimizing the voxel-based analysis. Materials and Methods : Three-dimensional T1-weighted images were obtained from 123 subjects who were 43 cognitively normal subjects and patients with 44 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 36 AD. The template and the corresponding aprior maps were created by using the matched pairs approach with considering differences of age, gender and differential diagnosis (DDX). We measured several characteristics in both our and the MNI templates, including in the ventricle size. Also, the fractions of gray matter and white matter voxels normalized by the total intracranial were evaluated. Results : The high resolution template and the corresponding aprior maps of gray matter, white matter (WM) and CSF were created with the voxel-size of $1{\times}1{\times}1\;mm$. Mean distance measures and the ventricle sizes differed between two templates. Our brain template had less gray matter and white matter areas than the MNI template. There were volume differences more in gray matter than in white matter. Conclusion : Gray matter and/or white matter integrity studies in populations of Korean elderly and patients with AD are needed to investigate with this template.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate the optimum application rate of fertilizer N based on $NO_3-N$ concentration in soils for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivation in plastic film house. Tomato plants were cultivated with and without fertilizer in twelve soils which have different concentrations of $NO_3-N$ ranging from 46 to $344mg\;kg^{-1}$. Dry weight (DW) of above-ground part of tomato with no fertilizer ranged from 28.9 to $112.5g\;plant^{-1}$, depending on N-supplying capability of soils. The soil $NO_3-N$ was positively correlated with DW ($r=0.83^{**}$) and N uptake ($r=0.78^{**}$) by tomatoes in no fertilizer treatment, and negatively correlated with fertilizer effciencies resulted from the differences of DW and N uptake between fertilized and non-fertilized plot. The relationships between soil $NO_3-N$ concentration and DW, N uptake, and fertilizer efficiency were analyzed to determine the critical levels of soil $NO_3-N$ for tomato cultivation. The limit critical levels of soil $NO_3-N$ were estimated to be more than $280mg\;kg^{-1}$ for no application of fertilizer N and to be less than $50mg\;kg^{-1}$ for recommended application of fertilizer N. These critical levels of soil $NO_3-N$ were nearly the same as those calculated from regression equation between electrical conductivity(EC) and soil nitrate for critical levels of EC in recommendation equation of fertilizer N for tomato under the plastic film house by NationaI Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. Consequently, the optimal application rate of ferdilizer N for tomato cultivation in the soils containing $NO_3-N$ concentration between $280mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $50mg\;kg^{-1}$ was estimated by the equation Y = -0.4348X＋121.74, where Y is the percent(%) to the recommended application rate of N fertilizer and X is the soil $NO_3-N$ concentration ($mg\;kg^{-1}$).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.349-356
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities, repeatabilities and rank correlation coefficients among breeding values for litter size and sex ratio of Yorkshire and Landrace pigs using various single trait animal models. The analyses were carried out the data comprising 26,390 litters of Yorkshire and 26,173 litters of Landrace collected from the year 1998 to 2008 at a private swine breeding farm located in central part of Korea. Five different analytical models were used for genetic parameter estimation. Model 1 was most simple basic model fitted with year-month contemporary group fixed effect, random additive genetic effect and random residual effect. Model 2 was similar to the model 1 but permanent maternal environmental effect added as random effect, and model 3 was similar with the model 2 but linear and quadratic effects of sow age were added as fixed covariate effect. Model 4 was similar as model 2 except that the parity was added as fixed effect and model 5 was similar to model 3 or model 4 but covariate of sow age was nested within parity effect. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: The means and standard error of total number of pigs born per litter (TNB) and number of pigs born alive per litter (NBA) were $11.35{\pm}0.02$ and $10.04{\pm}0.02$ for Yorkshire, $10.97{\pm}0.02$ and $9.98{\pm}0.02$ for Landrace, respectively. The sex ratio (percentage of female per litter) was $45.75{\pm}0.11%$ and $45.75{\pm}0.11%$ for Yorkshire and Landrace, respectively. The heritability estimates of TNB (0.243) and NBA (0.192) from model 1 tended to be higher than those from any other models in both breeds. Differences in heritability and repeatability for TNB were not large among models 3, 4 and 5 and same tendency of negligible differences among estimates by models 3, 4 and 5 were observed for NBA, where heritability and repeatability ranged from 0.096 to 0.099 and from 0.188 to 0.193, respectively, in Yorkshire; and ranged from 0.092 to 0.098 and from 0.193 and 0.196, respectively, in Landrace. The heritability estimates for sex ratio were close to zero which was ranged from 0.002 to 0.003 for TNB and from 0.001 to 0.003 for NBA over the models applied. The rank correlation coefficients of breeding values by model 1 with those from other models (model 2, 3, 4 and 5), and breeding values by model 2 with those from other models (model 1, 3, 4 and 5) were highly positive but lower than the coefficients among breeding values by model 3, model 4 and model 5 which were high of 0.99, approximately, for TNB and NBA of both breeds.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed environmental factors including annual fruit growth and meteorological conditions in Suwon area from 2000 to 2014 to develop and verify a fruit width prediction model in 'Fuji' apple. The 15-year average of full bloom data was April 28 and that of fruit development period was 181 days. The fruit growth until 36 days after full bloom followed single sigmoid curve. The environmental factors affecting fruit width were BIO2, precipitation in September, the average of daily maximum and minimum temperature in April, minimum temperature in August, and growing degree days (GDD) in April. Among them, the model was constructed by combining BIO2 and precipitation in September, which are not cross-correlated with each other or, with other factors. And then, the final model was selected as 19.33095 + (5.76242 ${\times}$ BIO2) - (0.01891 ${\times}$ September precipitation) + (2.63046 ${\times}$ minimum temperature in April) which was the most suitable model with AICc of 92.61 and the adjusted $R^2$ value of 0.53. The model was compared with the observed values f rom 2000 to 2014. As a result, the mean difference between the measured and predicted values of 'Fuji' apple fruit width was ${\pm}2.9mm$ and the standard deviation was 3.54.