• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2008

An aerial multi-looking camera system equips itself with five separate cameras which enables acquiring one vertical image and four oblique images at the same time. This provides diverse information about the site compared to aerial photographs vertically. The geometric relationship of oblique cameras and a vertical camera can be modelled by 6 exterior orientation parameters. Once the relationship between the vertical camera and each oblique camera is determined, the exterior orientation parameters of the oblique images can be calculated by the exterior orientation parameters of the vertical image. In order to examine the exterior orientation of both a vertical camera and each oblique cameras in the multi-looking camera relatively, calibration targets were installed in a lab and 14 images were taken from three image stations by tilting and rotating a non-metric digital camera. The interior orientation parameters of the camera and the exterior orientation parameters of the images were estimated. The exterior orientation parameters of the oblique image with respect to the vertical image were calculated relatively by the exterior orientation parameters of the images and error propagation of the orientation angles and the position of the projection center was examined.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.465-472
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• 2019

The SPR (Single Photo Resection) is widely used as a method of estimating the EOPs (Exterior Orientation parameters) at the time of taking a photograph, but it requires an initial value and has a disadvantage of being sensitive to the initial value. In this study, we introduce quaternion-based single photo resection and PnP (Perspective-n-Point) algorithm that do not require initial values and compare the results. Photos were taken using a general smartphone, and the ground control point acquisition was based on the hybrid MMS (Mobile Mapping System) point cloud data possessed by the researchers. As a result, when the collinear condition based SPR is true value, quaternion-based SPR has higher attitude angle estimation accuracy than PnP algorithm. In case of camera position estimation, both algorithms showed accuracy within 0.8m when compared with ground control points.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.1187-1193
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• 2013

In this paper, we present realistic 3D head modeling and facial expression systems. For 3D head modeling, we perform generic model fitting to make individual head shape and texture mapping. To calculate the deformation function in the generic model fitting, we determine correspondence between individual heads and the generic model. Then, we reconstruct the feature points to 3D with simultaneously captured images from calibrated stereo camera. For texture mapping, we project the fitted generic model to image and map the texture in the predefined triangle mesh to generic model. To prevent extracting the wrong texture, we propose a simple method using a modified interpolation function. For generating 3D facial expression, we use the vector muscle based algorithm. For more realistic facial expression, we add the deformation of the skin according to the jaw rotation to basic vector muscle model and apply mass spring model. Finally, several 3D facial expression results are shown at the end of the paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2005

In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of various sensor models developed for linear pushbroom satellite images. We define the accuracy of a sensor model in two aspects: the accuracy of bundle adjustments and the accuracy of estimating exterior orientation parameters. The first accuracy has been analyzed and reported frequently whereas the second accuracy has somewhat been neglected. We argue that the second accuracy is as important as the first one. The second accuracy describes a model's ability to predict satellite orbit and attitude, which has many direct and indirect applications. Analysis was carried out on the traditional collinearity-based sensor models and orbit-based sensor models. Collinearity-based models were originally developed for aerial photos and modified for linear pushbroom-type satellite images. Orbit-based models have been used within satellite communities for satellite control and orbit determination. Models were tested with two Kompsat-1 EOC scenes and GPS-driven control points. Test results showed that orbit-based models produced better estimation of exterior orientation parameters while maintained comparable accuracy on bundle adjustments.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.6D
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• pp.771-779
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• 2009

Digital topographical maps used for GIS DB are mainly produced by the traditional way of analogue aerial photogrammetry. Therefore, analogue photos are only available for digital mapping after preprocessing such as film developing, printing and scanning. However, digital aerial camera is able to get digital image directly without preprocessing and thus the performance and efficiency of photogrammetry are extremely increased. This study aims to investigate geometric stability of digital aerial frame camera DMC (Digital Modular Camera). In order to verify the geometric stability of digital aerial camera DMC, some different block conditions with and without cross strips, GPS/INS data and variation of GCPs are introduced in the block adjustment. The accuracy results of every block condition were compared each other by computation of residuals of exterior orientation (EO) parameters. Results of study shows that the geometric stability of the block adjustment with cross strips is increased about 30% against without cross strips. The accuracy of EO parameters of block adjustment with cross strips is also increased about 2cm for X-coordinate, 3cm for Y-coordinate, 3cm for Z-coordinate, and 6" for omega, 4" for phi and 3" for kappa.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2007

This study explores children's categories of emotion understanding from facial expressions onto two dimensional structure of emotion. Children of 89 from 3 to 5 years old were required to those facial expressions related the fourteen emotion terms. Facial expressions applied for experiment are used the photographs rated the degree of expression in each of the two dimensions (pleasure-displeasure dimension and arousal-sleep dimension) on a nine-point scale from 54 university students. The experimental results showed that children indicated the greater stability in arousal dimension than stability in pleasure-displeasure dimension. Emotions about sadness, sleepiness, anger and surprise onto two dimensions was understand very well, but emotions about fear, boredom were showed instability in pleasure-displeasure dimension. Specifically, 3 years old children indicated highly the perception in a degree of arousal-sleep than perception of pleasure-displeasure.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-143
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• 2010

This study explores children's sex differences of emotion discrimination from facial expressions based on two dimensional model of emotion. The study group consisted of 92 children, of 40, 52, and 64 months of age, and the rate of male and female children was male children (50%) and female children (50%). Children of 92 were required to choose facial expressions related the twelve emotion terms. Facial expressions applied for experiment are used the photographs rated the degree of expression in each of the two dimensions (pleasure-displeasure dimension and arousal-sleep dimension) on a nine-point scale from 54 university students. The experimental findings appeared that the sex differences were distinctly the arousal-sleep dimension than the pleasure-displeasure dimension. In the arousal-sleep dimensionoussleepness, anger, comfort, and loneliness' emotions showed large sex differences over 1 value. Especially, while male children showed high arousal more than female children in the emotions like 'sleepiness, anger and loneliness', female children showed high arousal more than male children in 'comfort' emotion.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.1465-1473
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• 2006

In this paper, we present an approach for facial expression recognition using Active Shape Models(ASM) and a state-based model in image sequences. Given an image frame, we use ASM to obtain the shape parameter vector of the model while we locate facial feature points. Then, we can obtain the shape parameter vector set for all the frames of an image sequence. This vector set is converted into a state vector which is one of the three states by the state-based model. In the classification step, we use the k-NN with the proposed similarity measure that is motivated on the observation that the variation-regions of an expression sequence are different from those of other expression sequences. In the experiment with the public database KCFD, we demonstrate that the proposed measure slightly outperforms the binary measure in which the recognition performance of the k-NN with the proposed measure and the existing binary measure show 89.1% and 86.2% respectively when k is 1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2006

This study determines the optimum polynomial of exterior orientation parameters(EOPs) as a function of line number of linear array scanner. To estimate priori EOPs, meta data of IKONOS scene and ground control points are used. We select a first order polynomial and a constant for position elements modeling and rotation elements modeling. Positioning accuracy of the determined EOPs is compared with that of RPCs bias-corrected by the least squares adjustment. There is almost no difference between accuracies of the two methods. To obtain digital elevation model(DEM), matching line is established by the EOPs. The DEM is compared with DEM generated by ERDAS IMAGINE software, which utilizes the bias-corrected RPCs. Height differences of DEMs by the two methods are ranged within a allowable standard deviation. The produced DEM, therefore, shows accuracy similar to the verified method.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2017

It is difficult to recognize Human's facial expression in the real-world. For these reason, when database and test data have similar condition, we can accomplish high accuracy. Solving these problem, we need to many facial expression data. In this paper, we propose the algorithm for gathering many facial expression data within various environment and gaining high accuracy quickly. This algorithm is training initial model with the ASSL (Active Semi-Supervised Learning) using deep learning network, thereafter gathering unlabeled facial expression data and repeating this process. Through using the ASSL, we gain proper data and high accuracy with less labor force.