• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.243-248
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a method to recognize the facial expressions by selecting face elements and finding its status. The face elements are selected by using image area segmentation method and the facial expression is decided by using the normal distribution of the change rate of the face elements. In order to recognize the proper facial expression, we have built database of facial expressions of 90 people and propose a method to decide one of the four expressions (happy, anger, stress, and sad). The proposed method has been simulated and verified by face element detection rate and facial expressions recognition rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.425-427
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• 2000

얼굴 표정은 사람의 감정을 표현함과 동시에 그것을 이해할 수 있는 중요한 수단이다. 최근 이러한 얼굴 표정의 자동인식과 추적을 위한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대략적인 얼굴영역을 설정하여 얼굴의 표정을 나타내는 표정요소들을 찾아낸 후, 각 요소의 특징점을 추출하고 추적하는 방법을 제시한다. 제안하는 시스템의 개요는 입력영상의 첫 프레임에서 얼굴영역 및 특징점을 찾고, 연속되는 프레임에서 반복적으로 이를 추적한다. 특징점 추출과 추적에는 템플릿 매칭과 Canny 경계선 검출기, Gabor 웨이블릿 변환을 사용하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2011

In case of metric cameras, not only fiducial marks but also various parameters related to camera lens are provided to users for the interior orientation process. The parameters have been acquired through precise camera calibration in laboratory by camera maker. But, in case of non-metric cameras, the interior orientation parameters should be determined in person by users through camera calibration with great number of control points. The interior orientation parameters of metric cameras are practically used for long time. But in case of non-metric cameras, the long-term stability of the interior orientation parameters have not been established. Generally, the interior orientation parameters of non-metric cameras are determined in every photogrammetric work. It's been an obstacle to use the non-metric camera in photogrammetric project because so many control points are required to get the interior orientation parameters. In this study, camera calibrations and photogrammetric observations using a non-metric camera have been implemented 25 times periodically for 6 months and the results have been analyzed. As a result, long-them stability of the interior orientation parameters of a non-metric camera is analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.443-449
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• 2018

Acquiring indoor point cloud, using SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) based mobile mapping system, is an element progress for development of as-build BIM (Building Information Model) for the maintenance of the building. In this research we proposed a simulation-based target geometry determination for extrinsic calibration of multiple 2D laser scanning mobile system. Four different types of calibration sites were designed: (1) circle type; (2) rectangle type; (3) double circle type; and (4) double rectangle type. Based on the measurement values obtained from each simulated calibration site geometry, least squares solution based extrinsic calibration was derived. As a result, the rectangle type geometry is most suitable for extrinsic calibration of this system. Also, correlation values between extrinsic calibration parameters were high, and calibration results were distinct according to the calibration sites.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2004

According to development of media, various information is recorded in media, expression is one during interesting information. Because expression includes of relationship of human inside. Intention of inside is expressed by gesture, but expression has more information. And, expression can manufacture voluntarily, include plan of inside on the man. Also, expression has unique character in a person, have alliance that do division possibility. In this paper, to analyze expression of USB camera animation, wish to detect facial building block. Because characteristic point by person's expression change exists on face component. For component detection, in animation one frame with Capture, grasp facial position, and separate face area, and detect characteristic points of face component.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.289-290
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• 2013

이 논문은 얼굴의 기하학적 특징을 이용한 표정인식 시스템을 제안한다. 먼저 얼굴 인식 시스템으로 Haar-like feature의 특징 마스크를 이용한 방법을 적용하였다 인식된 얼굴은 눈을 포함하고 있는 얼굴 상위 부분과 입을 포함하고 있는 얼굴 하위 부분으로 분리한다. 그래서 얼굴 요소 추출에 용이하게 된다. 얼굴 요소 추출은 PCA를 통한 고유 얼굴의 고유 눈과 고유 입의 템플릿 매칭으로 추출하였다. 얼굴 요소는 눈과 입이 있으며 두 요소의 기하학적 특징을 통하여 표정을 인식한다. 눈과 입의 특징 값은 실험을 통하여 정한 각 표정별 임계 값과 비교하여 표정이 인식된다. 본 논문은 기존의 논문에서 거의 사용하지 않는 눈동자의 비율을 적용하여 기존의 표정인식 알고리즘보다 인식률을 높이는 방향으로 제안되었다. 실험결과 기존의 논문보다 인식률이 개선됨을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.123-132
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• 2021

To determine 3D(three-dimensional) positions using a stereo-camera in close-range photogrammetry, camera calibration to determine not only the interior orientation parameters of each camera but also the relative orientation parameters between the cameras must be preceded. As time passes after performing camera calibration, in the case of non-metric cameras, the interior and relative orientation parameters may change due to internal instability or external factors. In this study, to evaluate the stability of the stereo-camera, not only the stability of two single cameras and a stereo-camera were analyzed, but also the three-dimensional position accuracy was evaluated using checkpoints. As a result of evaluating the stability of two single cameras through three camera calibration experiments over four months, the root mean square error was ±0.001mm, and the root mean square error of the stereo-camera was ±0.012mm ~ ±0.025mm, respectively. In addition, as the results of distance accuracy using the checkpoint were ±1mm, the interior and relative orientation parameters of the stereo-camera were considered stable over that period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2009.01a
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• pp.163-167
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 크게 2단계에 걸쳐 다양한 형태의 얼굴을 가진 2차원 애니메이션 상의 캐릭터 얼굴구성요소를 추출하고 표정을 분석한다. 첫 번째 단계에서는, 기존의 얼굴인식 및 표정인식 분야에서 이용되었던 동적메쉬모델을 간소화하여 캐릭터 얼굴에 적용하기 위한 최적의 표준 메쉬모델을 제작하고, 이 모델을 사용하여 얼굴구성요소의 위치 및 형태정보를 추출한다. 두 번째 단계에서는, 앞 단계에서 추출된 3가지 얼굴구성요소(눈썹, 눈, 입)를 사용하여 FACS(Facial Action Coding System)에 정의된 AU(Action Units) 44개 중 12개의 AU를 사용하여 캐릭터의 5까지 기본적인 얼굴 표정에 대해 분석 및 정의한다. 본 논문에서 정의한 AU로 기본적인 5가지 얼굴표정에 대해 표정분석 정확도를 측정하였고, 서로 다른 캐릭터에 실험함으로써 제안된 AU정의의 타당성을 제시한다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.787-798
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• 2017

In the present study, the interior orientation parameters were computed by using various kinds of methods. Five DSMs (Digital Surface Models) in total were produced by applying interior orientation parameters to the image processing, and the accuracy was evaluated. In order to use interior orientation parameters as independent variables of DSM accuracy, flight parameters and exterior orientation parameters that can affect the accuracy of DSM were set to be the only fixed variables. From the results of the present study, the RMSE of campaign 3-2 was found to be 0.0305 m, which was the most favorable result. Thus, it is advisable to produce DSM by adjusted interior parameters after figuring out the interior orientation parameters using a camera calibration program at laboratory environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2013

Recently, it is a pretty well known way to compute GPS/INS using Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) and Network-based RTK for obtaining Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters of aerial photogrammetry. In this study, it is way to compute Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters using ground base stations, using Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) broadcast orbits and International GNSS Service (IGS) rapid orbits. And the residuals of Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters were computed based on the results of ground base station. As a result, the case of using SmartBase to obtain Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters was showed the high accuracy of X, Y, K more than using Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) of National Geographic Information Institute (NGII). Also, distance and direction of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) of National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) from ground base station affected Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters. And different forms of residuals were shown according to the aerial photo courses.