• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.339-362
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• 2002

Pollen morphology of 13 species of Korean Euphorbia was re-examined by means of LM and SEM. Taxonomic evaluation of palynological characters and relationships among taxa were also discussed based on the analysis of polar length, equatorial diameter, aperture size and exine thickness. Korean Euphorbia species were classified into three groups based on the mean size of polar length (P) and equatorial diameter (E) as follows:Group 1. sect. Tulocarpa and Tithymalus of subgenus Esula; $(P){\times}(E)=(54.88-67.17{\mu}m){\times}(44.30-64.75{\mu}m)$, Group 2. sect. Esula and Helioscpiae of subgenus Esula; $(P){\times}(E)=(39.98-47.24{\mu}m){\times}(36.07-38.83{\mu}m)$, Group 3. sect. Chamaesyce and Hypericifoliae of subgenus Chamaesyce; $(P){\times}(E)=(30.32-32.51{\mu}m){\times}(21.71-26.23{\mu}m)$. Various features of surface sculpturing were also grouped into 8 types by the characteristics of perporation size and distance of perporations as well as connection state of it. Pollen size and surface sculpturing were comparatively available in the levels of subgenus and section. Especially subgenus Chamaesyce was distinctly different from subgenus Esula by having compactly distributed perporations on exine surface as well as its small size of pollen grains. Because of the great variations in pollen size and the occurrence of various types of surface sculpturing according to the local poulations of each species, it was evaluated that they were unsuitable in classifying each species of Euphorbia. But such cases, that is, E. hylonoma being more familiar with E. ebracteolata than E. Pallasii, and E. pekinensis and E. fauriei as well as E. pallasii being strongly related with each other based on the similarity of surface sculpturing, reflected its usefulness in the classification of some Euphorbia species.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1994

Spore morphology of 14 species of Ophioglossaceae is examined, and descriptions and key based on spore morphology are provided. In addition, spores of one species of Angiopteris and three species of Osmunda are examined for comparision with those of Ophioglossaceae. Spore shape at proximal face is sub triangular or triquete in Botrychium and circular in Ophiog~ lossum, Angiopteris and Osmunda. Based on the wall sculpturing patterns, three groups can be recognized within Botrychium, and the differences of wall sculpturing among these groups are smaller as compared to those among Botrychium, Ophioglossum, Osmunda and Angiopteris. This result supports the previous infrafamilial system of Clausen, which was mainly based on the characteristics of vernation, habit, fertile and sterile segments of the leaf, and gametophyte. Spores of nine species of Ophioglossum, which are circular in proximal face and fossulate or foveolate in wall sculpturing, are quite uniform as compared to those of Botrychium. Therefore they should be kept under a single genus rather than split into four genera suggested by Nishida (1952).(1952).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

Pollen morphology of 20 species of Euphorbioideae and one from Crotonoideae was examined with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen morphology presented here did not support the monophyly of Euphorbioideae, and the unique characters of tribe Stomatocalyceae such as absence of aperture margins, and thick and continuous endexine suggest the exclusion of Stomatocalyceae from Euphorbioideae which is in accordance with previous phylogenetic studies and wood anatomical data. Aforementioned pollen features in this tribe support that it is closely related to Acalyphoideae. Two subtribes of Stomatocalyceae were well recognized in terms of pollen morphology: Hamilcoinae includes species with reticulate or microreticulate exine patterns, and Stomatocalycinae includes those with perforate patterns with small supratectal elements. Three subtribes of Euphorbieae, classified in terms of pollen morphology, were further divided into three different types including perforate in Euphorbiinae, microreticulate in Neoguillauminiinae and reticulate in Anthosteminae, strongly supporting the Webster's subtribal system. Hureae and Hippomaneae, having perforate sculpturing pattern with smooth margo, were similar in pollen morphology. Especially, the presence of small supratectal elements in Hura crepitans pollen suggests the close relationships with Excoecaria species of tribe Hippomaneae. According to the previous studies, unique intine thickness along the aperture margin in Euphorbieae was not reported elsewhere in Euphorbiaceae. However, in this study we found the same intine thickness along the aperture margin in Maprounea brasiliensis and Hura crepitans. We hypothesize that the similar intine thicknesses found in Euphorbieae and above two species are the evidence of close relationships among them.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.74-83
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• 2005

The ontogeny of pollen wall in Panax ginseng was studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy from early tetrad stage until pollen maturity. Initial indication of exine development is undulation of plasma membrane for the preparation of bacular mound. The first recognizable structure of the pollen wall is the cellulosic primexine which is formed outside of the plasma membrane while microspore tetrads are still surrounded by callose wall. As development proceeds, foot-layer and baculum differentiation, callose dissolution and exine formation were progressed. During this process, sporopollenin is deposited into the exine, and then endexine development was followed. The intine, innermost pollen wall layer, is developing form hypertrophic Golgi vesicles. The thickness of exine is very even on all along the pollen wall, but intine thickness of apertural region is thicker than that of nonapertural region. Mature pollen of ginseng is $20{\mu}m$ in size, tricolpate and shows fine reticulate sculpturing.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.1011-1021
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• 2002

Fruit-discharge type of forty species of Asian Geranium were examined and their evolutionary trends and taxonomic system were discussed. Two main types of seed discharge in Geranium are made the basis of its divison into subgenera: Geranium subgenus Geranium, with a ballistic expulsion of the seed from mericarp, Geranium subgenus Robertium, with forcible discharge of the mericarp with the seed in it, separately from the awn. Variants of the seed ejecting type permit the division of Geranium subgenus Geranium into three sections. Section Ceranium, these has bristles at the base of the mericarp for prevent the seed from dropping from the divergent mericarp. Section Dissect, these has prongs at the base of the mericarp far prevent the seed from dropping from the divergent mericarp. Section Tuberosa, these has no bristles and prongs at the base of the mericarp, instead, retained of seed in pre-explosive interval by twist. Geranium subgenus Robertium was divided into two sections, Section Ruberta, with deeply wrinkled on the surface of mericarp at the time of discharge. Section Batrachioides, and section Trilopha, without wrinkle on the surface of mericarp at the time of discharge. According to the seed discharge, subgenus Geranium is thought to be more advanced than subgenus Robertium.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.203-221
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• 1994

Pollen grains of 19 taxa belonging to 12 genera in 5.families of the Korean gymnosperms were investigated by LM, SEM and TEM, and their morphological characters were described and palynological keys were made for each family. From the taxonomic viewpoint, palynological characters are very available to intergeneric and intrageneric classifications since their distinctive differences in pollen shape, size, condition of surface, sculpture pattern and presence of air bladders and projection except for the intrageneric classification of the genus Pinus since the overlapped characters such as pollen size and sculpture pattern. Pollen grains of Picea koraiensis in the family Pinaceae are distinguished from thc genera Pinus and Abies for the reasons that shape of air bladders are irregular, air bladders are bigger than pollen body, and pollen wall is thin. Compared with the genera Abies and Pinus that have air bladders, Picea koraiensis is closely related to Abies in that pollen body wall become gradually thin from pole of proximal face to air bladder, surface of pollen body is not rough, and pollen size is similar to that of the genus Abies. The presence of ektexine and enexine in proximal face, and the connections of the former to air bladder wall and the latter to distal face were elucidated by the investigation of pollen grains with air bladders through TEM. Endexine of the families of Taxaceae, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae was also obse-rved as a pile of laminae. From the observation by SEM, sculpture pattern of air bladder was foveolate with fine pits on surface. Sculpture pattern of air bladder is reticulate under LM, but observed by TEM, it resulted from the transmission of netted structure in air bladder.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Pollen grains of seven taxa on the family Pyrolaceae, known to be distributed in Korea (Pyrola dahurica(Andreses) Kom., P. incarnata (DC.) Fisch. ex Kom., P. japonica Klenze ex Alefeld, P. minor L., P. renifolia Max., Orthilia secunda (L.) House, Chimaphila japonica Miq.), were examined by the light and the scanning electron microscope in order to evaluate their taxonomic significances. The pollen units of genus Pyrola, Orthilia, Chimaphila were tetrad, monad, polyad respectively. This characteristics was good character for delimiting the genus, and Orthilia secunda (L.) House was more proper scientific name than Pyrola secunda L. based upon this character. Pollen size, tricolporate length, surface sculpturing pattern were different slightly among the treated taxa, and surface sculpturing patterns of Pyrola dahurica, P. incarnate, P. renifolia, Chimaphiza japonica were different from previous reports. Evolutionary trends of pollen grains in Pyrolaceae were inferred from the pollen units and aperture shapes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.256-261
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the influence of hazard pattern in the surface structure of pollen grains of Campsis grandiflora, and cytotoxicity of different part extracts and nectar on RAW264.7 macrophages. The pollen grains were medium sized ($21.8{\mu}m$) with tricolpate aperture type. In equatorial view, the pollens were prolate (P/E=1.8) and the exine pattern was smooth and reticulate. This result contradict with the rumor of having a hook-shaped protuberance that can damage the cornea because we couldn't observed any protuberance on the surface of the outer wall. Furthermore, we investigated the 70% MeOH extracts (flower, leaf, stem) and nectar of C. grandiflora for their cell viability in temporal basis via MTT analysis on RAW264.7 macrophage cells. There was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity among the MeOH extracts and nectar of C. grandiflora after 24 h. However, nectar showed the dosedependent cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 macrophage cells after 48 h.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.24-39
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• 2012

The palynological study of 31 taxa of Korean Artemisia L. was carried out to evaluate their taxonomic characteristics and to determine the relationships among the taxa. The size and shape of the pollen are not used as characteristics to classify the taxa of Korean Artemisia L., but the granule distribution ands pinule connection on the exine were useful for an interspecific classification and for reflecting the relationship between some taxa. It is considered that Artemisia pollen has evolved from a connected spinule and a nearly psilate surface into 1) a connected spinule and a granule surface, 2) a disconnected spinule and a granule surface, 3) a disconnected spinule and a dense granule surface. These pollen characteristics with external morphological characteristics, a geographical distribution and a somatic chromosome number are considered to be good characteristics for distinguishing the relationship of some taxa, such as the A. japonica group (A. hallaisanensis, A. angustissima, A. littoricola) and the A. sacrorum group (A. sacrorum var. sacrorum, A. sacrorum var. incana, A. sacrorum var. iwayomogi).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.163-177
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• 2008

Pollen grains of 17 taxa (14 species with two additional subspecies and one variety) of genera Patrinia Juss. and Nardostachys DC. in tribe Patrinieae (Valerianaceae) were studied using light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Pollen grains are medium ($37.41{\times}43.60{\mu}m$ - $45.65{\times}48.50{\mu}m$) to large ($54.88{\times}59.41{\mu}m$ - $61.70{\times}71.00{\mu}m$) in size, tricolpate (rarely tetracolpate) with the characteristic halo surrounding the aperture. In equatorial view, the pollen is oblate to subprolate, and in polar view, it is mostly circular or rarely 3-lobed. Two major pollen types are recognized on the basis of exine sculpturing patterns; Type I: Exine is composed of echinae together with sparse or dense microechinae, and verrucae shallow or rarely absent (Nardostachys and sections Paleopatrinia, and Monanadropatrinia of Patirinia). - Type II: Exine is composed of massive echinae together with dense microechinae, and prominent verrucae (section Centrotrinia of Patrinia). In TEM sections, columellae are extended from the footlayer into verrucae, and exine thickness is uniform at the pole and equator. Additionally, the infrageneric classification systems of the Patrinieae were evaluated on the basis of the present data.