• Title/Summary/Keyword: 폭기성

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Nitrite Accumulation Characteristics According to Hydraulic Retention Time and Aeration Rate in a Biological Aerated Filter (생물여과 반응기에서 수리학적 체류시간 및 폭기량에 따른 아질산 축적 특성)

  • Yoon, Jong Moon;Kim, Dong Jin;Yoo, Ik-Keun
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.200-206
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    • 2006
  • In a biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with ceramic media (void fraction of BAF=0.32), nitrite accumulation was studied with the variation of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and superficial air velocity. Synthetic ammonium wastewater and petrochemical wastewater were fed at a constant load of $1.6kgNH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$. Ammonium removal rate was mainly affected by the superficial air velocity in BAF, but nitrite ratio($NO_2-N/NO_x-N$) in the effluent was dependent on both HRT and superficial air velocity. For a fixed HRT of 0.23 hr (corresponding to the empty bed contact time of 0.7 hr) ammonium removal rate was 73/90/92% and nitrite ratio was 0.92/0.82/0.48 at the superficial air velocity of 0.23/0.45/0.56 cm/s, respectively. When HRT is increased to 0.9 hr with superficial air velocity ranging from 0.34 to 0.45 cm/s, the ammonium removal rate was 89% on average. However nitrite ratio decreased significantly down to 0.13. When HRT was further increased to 1.4 hr, ammonium removal rate decreased, thereby resulting in the free ammonia ($NH_3-N$, FA) build-up and nitrite ratio gradually increased (>0.95). Although aeration rate and FA concentration at HRT of 0.23 hr were unfavorable for nitrite accumulation compared with those at HRT of 0.9 hr, nitrite ratio at HRT of 0.23 hr was higher. Taken together, HRT and nitrogen load were found to be critical, in addition to FA concentration and aeration condition, for nitrite accumulation in the BAF tested in the present study.

Comparison of Liquefying Efficiency of Mixed Organic Fertilizer as Affected by Aeration Time and the Ratio of Organic Fertilizer to Water (폭기시간과 유기질비료 농도에 따른 혼합유기질비료의 액비화 특성비교)

  • Lee, Jong-Tae;Ha, In-Jong;Moon, Jin-Seong;Song, Won-Doo
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.40 no.2
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    • pp.156-163
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the liquefying efficiency of mixed organic fertilizer in different conditions. The organic fertilizer was composed of sesame oil cake, rice bran, fish meal, ground bone meal etc, and made by fermenting process. It included $23g\;kg^{-1}$, $17.0g\;kg^{-1}$, $23.9g\;kg^{-1}$, $290g\;kg^{-1}$ of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, organic matter, respectively. In one test, the mixed organic fertilizer was added in the proportion of 10% to water 90% and aerated continuously, for 2, 8 hours per day, and not aerated as control. In the other test, ratios of organic fertilizer to water were 5%, 10%, 20% and aerated for 2 hours a day. With the increase of liquefying time, pH, EC and $NH_4-N$ increased without relation to aeration time. After 10 days, liquid organic fertilizer aerated for 2 hours a day contained $634mg\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $68.1mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, $453mg\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$, which was not significantly different from 8 hours a day or continuous aeration. Then extraction ratios of inorganic contents were 27.6%, 4.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Continuous aeration resulted in increasing the viable number of aerobic bacteria, spore forming bacteria and fungi in liquefied solution. Higher ratio of organic fertilizer to water increased EC, $NH_4-N$ and other inorganic matter contents, but decreased extraction ratio of nutrients in liquid fertilizer. The liquid organic fertilizer of 20% contained $1,140mg\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $35.4mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, $544mg\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$ after 10 days. Then extraction ratios were 24.8%, 2.4% and 13.6%, respectively. The ratio of organic fertilizer to water was positively correlated with only spore forming bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. among microorganisms.

A Continuous Process for Phosphorus Recovery from Swine Slurry with Forming Struvite (양돈액비에서 Struvite 형성으로 연속적 인의 회수기술)

  • Oh I.H.;Lee J.H.;Choi B.H.;Burns R.T.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.95-100
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    • 2006
  • This study was carried out to develop a continuous process for recovering phosphorus in swine slurry. Magnesium chloride ($MgCl_2$) was used in the test as a magnesium source and the pH was regulated by adding NaOH and aerating. The results showed that the recovery rate of soluble phosphorus (SP) has increased with the molar ratios increased. In case of pH regulated with NaOH, the recovery rates of SP with molar ratio of 1:1.5 were over 95% from both farms. The removal of ammonia-nitrogen was at levels of $4{\sim}9%$. With aeration treatment, the SP recovery rate was 66% and the removal rate of ammonia-nitrogen was 15%. The treatment of NaOH to increase pH showed better SP recovery efficiency than the aeation treatment. However, in case of ammonia-nitrogen removal, the treatment of aeration showed better results than the NaOH treatment.

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Removal of NAPL from Aquifer Using Surfactant-enhanced Air Sparging at Elevated Temperature (승온조건의 SEAS(surfactant-enhanced air sparging) 기술을 이용한 대수층 NAPL(n-decane)의 휘발제거)

  • Song, Young-Su;Kwon, Han-Joon;Kim, Heon-Ki
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.14 no.6
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    • pp.87-94
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    • 2009
  • Surfactant-enhanced air sparging (SEAS) was developed to suppress the surface tension of groundwater prior to air sparging resulting in higher air saturation and larger contact area between NAPL and gas during air sparging. Larger contacting interface between NAPL and gas means faster mass transfer of contaminants from NAPL to gas phase. This new technique, however, is limited to relatively volatile contaminants because vaporization is its basic mechanism of mass transfer. In this study, SEAS was tested at an elevated temperature for a semi-volatile n-decane, which is expected not to be a good candidate of SEAS application due to its low vapor pressure at ambient temperature. Three sparging experiments were conducted using 1-dimensional column (5 cm id, 80 cm length) packed with sand; (1) ambient temperature ($23^{\circ}C$), column saturated with distilled water, (2) SEAS at ambient temperature ($23^{\circ}C$), for n-decane contaminated sand, (3) SEAS at elevated temperature ($73^{\circ}C$), for n-decane contaminated sand. Higher air saturation was achieved by SEAS compared to that by air sparging without surfactant application. The n-decane removal efficiency of SEAS at elevated temperature was significantly higher(> 10 times) than that of ambient SEAS. The n-decane concentrations in the gas effluent from column during SEAS at $73^{\circ}C$ are found to be 10 times of those measured at ambient temperature. Thus, SEAS technique can be applied for removal of semi-volatile contaminants provided that an appropriate technique for elevating aquifer temperature is available.

Characteristics of Radon Reduction of Small-scale Water Supply System (소규모수도시설 지하수의 라돈저감 특성)

  • Cho, Byong-Wook
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.37-50
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    • 2019
  • It is possible that radon removal in groundwater of small-scale water supply system (SWSS) is caused by atmospheric storage and aeration facilities installed in the water tank. Radon removal rates at water tank and tap of the 32 SWSS during summer season ranged from -69.3% to 62.7% (average 25.7%) and from -64.3% to 83.1% (average 30.3%) while those of 16 SWSS during autumn season ranged from 21.3% to 78.0% (average 42.8%) and from 17.7% to 66.9% (average 44.8%). The reason of higher radon removal rate in the autumn season compared with the summer season is due to higher atmospheric storage effect by lower groundwater use rate. The radon removal rates at the water tank from 12 SWSS were 47.4~94.0% (average 78.9%), in which the removal rates at the atmospheric storage are also included. Atmospheric storage and aeration can be used to reduce radon concentration in SWSS groundwater. For more efficient use of radon reduction, further studies are necessary to assess the radon removal rate considering variation conditions of radon concentration in groundwater, size and forms of water tank, change in groundwater usage rate, aeration capacity and ventilation facilities.

Performance Evaluation for the A/O Pure-Oxygen Biofilm (POB) Process on the Removal of Organics and TKN in the Industrial Wastewater (혐기/호기 순산소 생물막공법에 의한 산업폐수의 유기물 및 TKN 제거 성능평가)

  • Jang, Am;Kim, Hong Suck;Kim, In S.
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.837-847
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    • 2000
  • For the treatment of wastewaters generated from beer industry and petrochemical company with high organic and nitrogen contents, laboratory scale of A/O Pure-Oxygen Biofilm (POB) process was developed and studied by means of the comparative economic analysis with extended aeration process. When the wastewater of beer company was initially treated by the A/O POB process in the ranges of 70 to 150 mg TOC/L diluted with tap water, higher than 92% of TOC removal was accomplished in the all ranges. In case of petrochemical wastewater, the initial TOC removal was as low as 52%, though, it increased to 86% after 32 days of operation and also the TKN removal marked 71% after 27 days. Continuous high removal rates were monitored in both the TOC and TKN parameters during the experimental period. Due to the cost for PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) setting and biomass supporting media installation, the initial construction cost of A/O POB process was 2.9 times higher than that of extended aeration process. However, the advantages such as low sludge production, no need for sludge recycling and low energy consumption allow the A/O POB process to have 2.5 times lower operation and maintenance costs. Consequently, in the long term of operation, it is likely that A/O POB process would show higher performance as well as cost effectiveness compared to extended aeration process.

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The Effect of Coagulant on Filtration Performance in Submerged MBR System (침지형 MBR 공정에서 응집제가 여과성능에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim Kwan-Yeop;Kim Ji-Hoon;Kim Young-Hoon;Kim Hyung-Soo
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.182-187
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of coagulation on filtration performance of membrane in submerged MBR system and influence of continuous aeration to reduce fouling of membrane surface on coagulated floc. For this purpose, aeration tank sludge of MBR system was compared with jar-test sludge. The experimental results were analysed in terms of floc size and SRF (Specific resistance of Filtration). The more alum was added, the more content of floc below $10{\mu}m$ reduced and SRF decreased. But compared with jar-test results, it was found that effect of coagulation on MBR floc was reduced. Operation time of membrane in alum added MBR was longer than that in control MBR. But operation time was not proportional to alum dose. It was thought that the result was reason that floc below $10{\mu}m$ was not reduced sufficiently by shear force of continuous aeration. Moreover it was founded that if alum is added more than proper dose, it brings filtration resistance to increase.

Optimization of Environmental Parameters for Extracellular Chitinase Production by Trichoderma harzianum SJG-99721 in Bioreactor (Trichoderma harzianum SJG-99721의 체외 분비 chitinase 생산에 미치는 생물 반응기에서의 반응 최적화 연구)

  • 이호용
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.167-170
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    • 2004
  • A self-directing optimization procedure was applied to determine the best environmental factors in operating the bioreactor. The self-directing optimization process was employed to determine the best conditional combination of multi parameters, pH, temperature, aeration rate and mixing rate toy maximal production of chitinase by Trichoderma harzianum SJG-99721 in batch mode fermentation. Among these factors, the parameters of pH and aeration rate were found to be particularly important on mycellial growth and chitinase activity. pH 4.89, an aeration rate of 3.22 ι per minute and an agitation rate of 225 rpm was found to be the best combination. By the optimization, chitinase activity was dramatically increased from an initial value of 4.221 U under basic conditions to n final value of 16.825 U.

Fabrication and characterization of in-line fiber-optic tunnable attunuator (인라인 가변 광섬유 감쇠기 제작 및 특성 측정)

  • 김효겸;윤대성;문정원;김광택
    • Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2003.07a
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    • pp.22-23
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    • 2003
  • 광섬유 가변 감쇠기는 광증폭기, add/drop 모듈, Mux/Demux, 광송수신기 등 중요한 광통신 시스템의 입력 및 출력 광신호 레벨을 적절하게 제어하기 위해 요구되는 중요한 소자이다. 가변 감쇠기는 높은 신뢰성, 높은 해상도, 작은 삽입손실, 낮은 편광 및 파장 의존성 손실 등이 요구되어 진다. 가변 광감쇠기는 평면 기판에 형성된 도파로 의 열광학 효과나 전기광학 효과를 이용하는 기법과 MEMS 기술에 기초한 방법이 잘 알려져 있다. (중략)

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Effects of Enzyme Complex on Odor Emission from Swine Slurry and Swine Buildings (효소복합체가 양돈슬러리 및 돈사 악취발생에 미치는 영향)

  • Jung, K.H.;Han, J.C.;Kwack, S.J.;Jung, J.D.;Lee, J.W.;Kim, D.H.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.15-22
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    • 2008
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effect of enzyme complex on odor emission from swine slurry and the process of making swine liquid manure. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations were significantly decreased by using the enzyme complex of liter per ton level of liquid swine slurry in the manure storage tank according to the time. Characteristics of liquid swine slurry were affected by the enzyme complex, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contents were reduced compare with control. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the finishing pig building and offensive odor compound on the boundary line of swine farm were significantly decreased by spraying in swine finishing building. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study suggest that using the enzyme complex of liter per ton level of liquid swine slurry for making liquid swine manure may improve the quality of swine liquid fertilizer and reduce odor emission. Also farm scale enzyme complex treatment may improve air quality in finishing pig building and deduce offensive odor compound of swine farm.

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