• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.111-126
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• 2011

The aim of the present study was to compare child care center directors and teachers' recognition of criteria for class placements, specifically for children who were born in January or February, children's ability, and for mixed-age classes. The subjects were 398 center directors and 383 teachers in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Jeolla-do, Gangwon-do, Choongcheong-do and Gyeongsang-do. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 and the t-test and Chi-square test were used. The results were as follows: (1) Most child care center directors and teachers believed that children born in January or February should share a classroom with classmates of the same age. (2) Most child care center directors and teachers believed that regardless of a child's ability, it was desirable for the child to be in a class with classmates of the same age. (3) Child care center directors thought that the current criteria for teacher-child ratios within a mixed-age classroom were acceptable but should be lowered if the child care center was not experiencing financial problems. Meanwhile, most of the teachers thought that lower teacher-child ratios within a mixed-age classroom was desirable.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.10C
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• pp.949-957
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• 2003

This paper presents a gradient ON-OFF algorithm of which the performance is very robust even when the angle spread increases in the mobile communication environments. The proposed method getting the diversity gain by utilizing the primary and secondary eigenvector, which corresponds to the largest and the second largest eigenvalue of the autocovariance matrix of the received signal vector, outperforms the method which just utilizes one eigenvector. By applying the proposed method to IS-2000 1X signal environments, it is observed that the proposed method shows excellent performance compared to a typical beamforming method using just one eigenvector, which considerably degrades the receiving performance as the angle spread increases.

• Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature
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• no.86
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• pp.25-46
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• 2019

This paper studied the usefulness of 'Line marks of the proper nouns of Korean origin in the Hikun of the Shakunihongi' as a material to analyze tone marks of the proper nouns of Korean origin. First, the analysis showed that Line marks of Shakunihongi do not reflect the Middle Chinese sounds directly. Second, the analysis revealed that Jyosyo and Kyosyo tend to be marked to a mark. Next, in order to analyze the interference of the Japanese sounds, the tone of Japanese Kan-on and Go-on and the correspondence were studied. The result showed that Kyosyo of Japanese Go-on is marked to a point. This means that the tone of proper nouns of Korean origin in Shakunihongi were not influenced unilaterally by Japanese Kan-on and Go-on. Also, the line marks tended to be seen in Bokun monotone kanji. The line marks were found to be consciously distinguished from the Circle marks. There is a characteristic that Line marks of proper nouns of Korean origin in Shakunihongi are marked to Hyoso. This is the same tendency with Circle marks. That is why Line marks in Shakunihongi can also be used as a tone-mark material of proper nouns of Korean origin.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.6B
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• pp.553-558
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• 2009

There have been various research efforts to support the fairness between uplink and downlink of TCP streams in IEEE 802.11 networks. Existing methods, which have been effective for the fairness, however could not provide the solution for the unfairness caused by the situation in which a station which is having multiple TCP uplink streams monopolizes the uplink bandwidth. This paper proposes a method that AP allocates token buckets for each uplink TCP station. The proposed method is also able to support the fairness between the uplink and downlink. To remedy the underutilization which may happen under token bucket-based schemes, it allows the movement of redundant tokens among the token buckets. By controlling the token movements, it can balance the fairness and the utilization. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to support the fairness of the TCP uplink stations, as well as the fairness between the uplink and downlink.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.249-259
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• 2013

잠비아의 농업지원프로그램에서 여성농가의 경우 남성농가에 비해 각종 혜택에서 소외받고 있다는 지적이 많다. 본 연구는 소규모 여성농업인이 옥수수 씨앗이나 비료 등의 농업투입요소에 대한 보조금의 혜택에서 어느 정도 차별을 받고 있는 지를 잠비아의 농업투입지원프로그램을 사례로 검증하고자 한다. 즉 농업투입요소 보조금에 대한 성차별의 영향을 주는 요인을 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 관련 문헌조사가 선행되었고, 잠비아 마자부카지역의 소농가 100가구를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 빈도분석, T-test 및 분산분석 등을 실시하였다. 그 결과 농경지의 소유 유무나 규모가 중요한 요인 중의 하나로 나타났다. 남성농가의 경우 여성농가에 비하여 자가농이 많았으며 농지 소유 규모 또한 큰 것으로 나타났다(남성농가: 평균 2.03ha, 생산량 4.43Mt, 여성농가: 평균 1.63ha, 생산량 3.15Mt). 기아의 경험 정도는 여성농가에 비해 비교적 남성농가가 높게 나타났으며, 옥수수 생산에 있어 같은 양의 투입요소라고 하더라도 여성농가가 남성농가에 비해 식량 안보력이 높은 것을 의미한다. 그러나 남성농가에 비해 여성농가의 낮은 수입이 결국 농업투입요소의 접근에 장애가 되는 중요한 요인이라 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 남성농가와 여성농가의 농업투입지원프로그램에 대한 불공평성의 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 정부 정책가들의 인식의 변화가 무엇보다도 중요하고, 여성농가를 위한 농업정보나 농작물 재배지식 등의 전달 및 훈련 등에 대하여 보다 적극적이고 체계적이며 계획적인 접근 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2022

Over the past decades there has been an increasing demand for decentralization in order to promote the balanced regional growth in South Korea. However, several previous studies have raised concerns regarding the disparity between municipalities as the deviation of power from central government could give wealthy municipalities a clear advantage. The purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between decentralization and balanced regional growth by examining the Great Heisei consolidation in Japan trying to enact largescale municipal restructuring in association with the promotion of decentralization. In particular, much attention is to be paid to the fact that Japanese central clearly understand the municipalities with small population size could be in a disadvantageous position during the decentralization process so that it has a policy of encouraging mergers to make the municipal system more efficient. Lessons from the case study are summarized in this study in relation to the South Korea's efforts towards the decentralization.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.112-127
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• 1998

A meeting for Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering took place, from May 20-21 in Sapporo, Japan, with the presentations of 21 special topics and 185 general papers. Special topics consists of 6 copies on volcanic disaster prevention, 6 copies on the activity report of Earthquake Erosion Control Engineering Society, 5 copies on the management and guidelines of riparian zone and 4 copies on debris disaster occurred in 1997. General papers consists of 10 copies on slope stability, 10 copies on slope failure, 9 copies on earthquake, 41 copies on environmental erosion control, 25 copies on debris flow, 11 copies on warning and refuge, 10 copies on erosion control plan, 11 copies on erosion control project, 10 copies on erosion control facility, 12 copies on volcanic erosion control, 4 copies on revegetation technology, 4 copies on forest hydrology, 4 copies on avalanche, 4 copies on landslide, 18 copies on debris flow and 2 other copies presented by international student. Among the special topics, 5 papers with the titles of the function and structure of riparian zone, the interactive relation of flood and riparian zone, the management method of channel and river forest for controlling debris flow, the forest restoration efforts by native population, the law and social issue for building river riparian zone were presented in the subsection of "The Management and Guidelines of Riparian Zone". Thus, this article summarize and introduce the presented contents which are very important and can be referred to keep environmentally sound-river in the erosion control field.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.221-237
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• 2011

This study aims to investigate the environmental equity of the accessibility to urban neighborhood parks in the city of Daegu. The spatial distribution of urban neighborhood parks was explored by spatial statistics and the spatial accessibility to them was then evaluated by both minimum distance and coverage approaches. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as proximity ratio, Mann Whitney U test, and logistic regression were used for comparing the socioeconomic characteristics over different accessibilities to the neighborhood parks and then testing the distributional inequity hypothesis. The results from the minimum distance method indicated that Dalseo-gu had the best accessibility to the neighborhood parks while Dong-gu had the worst accessibility. It was apparent with the coverage method that Dalseo-gu had the best accessibility whereas Dong-gu and Nam-gu had the worst accessibility to the neighborhood parks at 500m and 1,000m buffer distances. There existed the spatial pattern of environmental inequity in old towns with respect to population density and the percentage of people under the age of 18. The spatial pattern of environmental inequity in new towns was explored on the basis of the percentage of people over the age of 65, the percentage of people below the poverty level, and the percentage of free of charge rental housing. These results were closely related to the development process of urban parks in Daegu stimulated by the quantitative urban park policy, urban development process, and residential location pattern such as permanent rental housing and free of charge rental housing. This study further extends the existing research topics of environmental justice related to the distributional inequity of environmental disamenities and hazards by focusing on environmental amenities such as urban neighborhood parks. The results from this study can be used in making the decisions for urban park management and setting up urban park policy with considering the social geography of Daegu.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze restoration techniques of traditional garden sites targeted Korean, Chinese, Japanese palace garden. Restoration was divided into the restore foundation and restore individual elements depending on the residual state of the actual garden features. And derived characteristics that should be considered by conservation techniques. The results are as follows; First, the Wanfo Pavilion Area in Beihai Park where the foundation and foundation stones were restored based on the relevant literature and comparative analysis. The Archaeological Site in Gwanbuk-ri, Buyeo restored only the remaining structures of the ponds, waterways and large buildings among the areas where the excavation was completed. The Second Daigokuden Garden in Heijokyo Palace restored building sites and foundation, and installed poles and piles so that the area of the Second Daigokuden Garden could be known. Second, Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, Gyeongju where the restoration of individual elements was made, preemptively restored the remains of traditional gardens based on pond garden estuaries and feedbacks that were confirmed through initial excavation. Huanghuazhen Area in Yuanmingyuan Garden was restored based on Western copper plate prints and related records, but further data found after the restoration confirmed that it was restored differently than it is now. East Palace Garden in Heijokyo Palace covered existing features with soil and restored buildings on them. Typical garden elements such as landscape stone and waterways were preserved and exposed. Third, foundation restore is a case in which the base is identified through the current state of the traditional garden site, it is important to restore the foundation first and secure the territoriality when there is no restoration plan for the elevation structure or size of the garden relics. Restoration of individual garden elements requires careful examination of the literature by limiting the restoration of objects that can be restored through the examination of the literature for each element, such as some buildings or facilities in the traditional garden site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

The ancient North-East Asian royal garden is divided into three types, located in the north inside the palace, in the north outside the palace, and in the south inside or outside the palace, depending on the location relationship between the royal capital and the royal palace. The first is a typical royal garden that follows the ancient Chinese court system of the Chao-hu-chim(前朝後寢). The second is a royal garden located independently of the royal palace, which extends to Geumwon(禁苑). The third is located in the south of royal palace and is the royal garden specialized in Yurak(遊樂) or Hyangyeon(饗宴). The types of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens are classified according to the relationship between main palace(正宮) and secondary palace(別宮), detached palace(離宮), and Geumwon(禁苑), and each has unique characteristics. The first has been established as the garden of the main palace, including the royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟), Han Chang'an capital(漢 長安城), BeiWei Luoyang capital(北魏 洛陽城), Jiankang capital in Southern Dynasties(南朝 建康城), and Daminggong(大明宮) in Tang Dynasty. Here, the royal garden is divided into Naewon(內苑) inside the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑), outside the royal palace. On the other hand, the second is the royal garden that the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑) are united. The third is the royal garden that forms part of the royal palace or is independent of the royal palace, and has been specialized as a secondary palace(別宮) and detached palace(離宮). China created the model of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens, and based on this, Baekje, Silla, and Japan of Korea influenced each other and developed a unique palace by showing their originality. The royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟) was influenced by royal gardens of Wei-Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties(魏晉南北朝). And royal gardens of the Sabi Capital(泗沘都城) were influenced by royal gardens of Jin(秦), Han(漢), Sui(隋), and Tang(唐), and royal gardens of Silla(新羅) were influenced by the royal gardens of Baekje(百濟) and Silla. However, each of these royal gardens also has its own unique characteristics. From this aspect, it can be seen that the ancient North-East Asian court had different lineages depending on the region. Anhakgung Palace in Pyongyang(平壤 安鶴宮) is more likely to be viewed as the Three Kingdoms period than the Goryeo Dynasty. However, it is difficult to raise it to the 5th and 6th centuries due to the overlapping relationship and relics of the lower part of Anhakgung Palace(安鶴宮), and it is generally presumed to be the middle of the 7th century. The royal garden at Anhakgung Palace is a secondary palace(別宮) or detached palace(離宮) that corresponds to the palace of Jang-an capital(長安城) in Pyongyang and is believed to have influenced Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) and Donggung(東宮) and Wolji(月池) in Gyeongju. From this point of view, Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) seems to be related to the palaces of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This study has many limitations as it focuses on its characteristics and transitions due to the location of the palace in the large framework of ancient North-East Asian royal capital. If these limitations are resolved little by little, it is expected that the understanding of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens will be much wider.