• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.622-632
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• 2021

This study was conducted to find out the optimal solvent extraction method [Distilled water (DW), 70% ethanol, 99% ethanol] of mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Que, Pleurotus eryngii and Flammulina velutipes and improve their usability as natural antioxidants. To analyze antioxidant activities in each mushroom, total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS⁺) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) were measured. All mushrooms showed the highest total polyphenol contents in DW mushroom extract (p<0.001). Total flavonoid contents were the highest in P. eryngii and F. velutipes DW and 70% ethanol mushroom extracts (p<0.05). All mushrooms showed the highest activities using DPPH and FRAP assays in the DW extraction method (p<0.001). P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Que and P. eryngii showed the highest ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity in the DW extraction method, and F. velutipes showed the highest activity in the 70% ethanol extraction method (p<0.001). As a result of comparing IC₅₀ values of DPPH and ABTS+ radicals and FRAP EC₅₀ values, the DW P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Que extract showed high antioxidant activities (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation between total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities showed a positive correlation in all mushrooms (p<0.01). Therefore, extraction of the mushrooms with DW can enhance the extraction of effective bioactive substances and antioxidant activity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.378-388
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the proximate compositions, nutritional components, and antioxidant effects of white and brown enoki mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes). The crude protein and carbohydrate contents were higher in the brown than white mushrooms, whereas the moisture, crude ash, crude lipid, and dietary fiber levels were lower. The mineral contents of the white mushroom was higher than levels obtained in the brown mushroom for the detected components (Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Na, and P). The amount of vitamin B₃ in the brown mushroom was 1.51 mg/100 g, which was 4.5 times higher than that in the white mushroom. The major fatty acids detected were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in 70% ethanol extracts of the white and brown mushrooms, respectively. For the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, a 70% methanol extract of the white enoki mushrooms showed an activity of 76.4% (p<0.05). For the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity, a 70% methanol extract of the brown enoki mushrooms showed the highest value. Further, the total flavonoid contents were significantly correlated with the DPPH and FRAP activities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.891-896
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• 1995

In order to screen natural inhibitor of tyrosinase which catalyzes an enzymatic browning of some foods and in vivo synthesis of melanin, inhibitory effect of 129 edible plants and 15 chemical compounds on the in vivo melanin synthesis by mushroom tyrosinase was analyzed. Among leafy vegetables tested, radish bud, red chicory, Shepherd's purse and small green onion were found to have more than 50% tyrosinase inhibition effect in the descending order. Chinese radish and garlic in root vegetables, and nameko, shiitake and oyster mushroom in mushrooms, and teas showed also more than 50% inhibition effect. Among fruit vegetables tested, red pepper, Chinese quince and avocado were found to have more than 50% tyrosinase inhibition effect, while fruits generally showed low inhibitory effect. Medicinal plants which inhibit tyrosinase more than 50% were mume fructus>cinamomi ramulus>rubi fructus>mori cortex>biotae orientalis folium>puerariae radix, and herbs with more than 50% inhibitory effect were allspice>clove>mustard. In some chemical compounds tested, 4-hexylresorcinol, L-cysteine, glutathione, sodium bisulfite and kojic acid showed powerful inhibition effect on mushroom tyrosinase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1260-1266
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• 2013

The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters of Hypsizygus marmoreus 3-10 and H. marmoreus 1-1 were analyzed in this study. The small subunit (SSU) and intergenic spacer 2 (IGS 2) was partially sequenced. The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1), 5.8S, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2), large subunit (LSU), intergenic spacer 1 (IGS 1), and 5S were completely sequenced. The rDNA clusters of H. marmoreus 3-10 and H. marmoreus 1-1 were 7,049 bp in length. The sequence of SSU rDNA, which corresponded to 18S rDNA, was 1,796 bp in length, and the sequence of LSU rDNA, which corresponded to 28S rDNA, was 3,348 bp in length. The ITS region that variable region and IGS region that non-transcribed spacer was 462 bp and 1,290 bp in length. The sequence of 5.8S rDNA and 5S rDNA was 153 bp and 43 bp in length, respectively. The 17 bp of the rDNA cluster in the H. marmoreus 3-10 strain was different to that in the H. marmoreus 1-1 strain, with 2 bp in the SSU, 3 bp in the ITS, 9 bp in the LSU, and 3 bp in the IGS. The analysis of the secondary structure revealed that the ITS regions of H. marmoreus 3-10 and H. marmoreus 1-1 have five stem-loop structures. Interestingly, among these structures, one different nucleotide sequence resulted in a different secondary structure in stem-loop V.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1089-1094
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• 1996

The in vivo effect of tyrosinase inhibitors in the melanogenesis of gold fish (jet black color) was evaluated by measuring surface color and observing melanin pigment. The fish was firstly cultivated in 0.9% NaCl solution for 1 week to induce melanogenesis, and then, it was transferred to each treatment group containing tyrosinase inhibitor. The fish was grouped into control. food additive group (addition of 5 mM glutathione, 5 mM cysteine, and 1 mM benzoic acid), microbial inhibitor group (addition of culture broth of Aspergillus oryzae in shiitake and glucose medium), and plant extract group (addition of the mixed extracts of green tea, beet, red chicory, and nameko). After 6 days, the fish was anesthetized by electric shock, and color of pectoral region, lateral region, and dorsal fin was measured. Hunter's L and b values of treated group were generally higher than those of control group, indicating that the tyrosinase inhibitors could inhibit the melanogenesis of the fish. Effect of plant extract was apparent, though relatively weak, not because it did not work in vivo, but because a sufficient amount of extract could not be added to fish globes. If a large amount of extract was added, fish gradually died due to a microbial contamination. Microscopic observation of melanin in lateral scale and dorsal fin showed that in the treated groups with tyrosinase inhibitors, the number of melanophore per unit area and the size of one melanophore decreased.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2007

We conducted this research to develop the medium for some edible mushroom cultivation using shiitake waste log which is abandoned after cultivation of shiitake mushroom because those bed logs can not be recycled. The isolates of P. ostreatus(POS-012), P. eryngii(PER-005), G. frondosa(GFR-001) and F. velutipes(FVE-001) were selected and examined for mycelial growth on sawdust media prepared from shiitake waste log. Mycelial growth of selected isolate were satisfactory on the sawdust extract media using acasia(Robinia pseudo-acacia), neutinamu(Zelkova serrata) and kangchamnamu(sangsuri, Quercus acutissima) which are no shiitake-inoculated. Although the mycelial growth of the isolate were poor on the sawdust media prepared from Quercus spp., sawdust of neutinamu, (Zelkova serrata), beotnamu, (Prunus serrulata), orinamu(Alnus japonica), eunsuweonsasinamu(Populus tomentiglandulosa) and chestnut(Castanea crenata) were excellent for mycelial growth. However, shiitake logs which are infected with harmful fungi such as Hypocrea spp. were useful as recycle materials for mushroom cultivation.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.100-110
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• 2000

Studies were conducted to know effects of the bulking agents (saw dusts, mushroom waste, wheat bran coconut meal, rice hulls) adding o moisture control, fermentation methods (aerobic and anaerobic) and periods (1 to 20 days) of food waste fermentation for animal feeds on chemical compositions and in vitro DDM (digestibility of dry matter). Experiment designs were focussed basically to obtain extension service data. The NDF (neutral detergent fiber) composition in the oak and pine saw dust were 93.5% and 95.4% (DM basis) in respectively. Thus, the fermented food waste feeds using saw dust (50%) increased NDF(12%), and decreased in vitro DDM(48%) compared to those of raw materials before aerobic fermentation. The oak saw dust showed higher DDM compared to pine. Mushroom wastes which is a residues of mushroom culture mixed originally willow saw dust (80%) and wheat bran (20%) showed quite higher feed value compared to both saw dusts. It was found that an in vitro DDM and NDF composition in fermented feeds appeared highly dependent or the NDF composition in bulking agents. With an increase wheat bran ratio substitute mushroom waste showed linearly decreased NDF, and increased in vitro DDM in the fermented food waste feeds. The fermented feeds added bottling agents composed higher NDF resulted in higher NDF and lower in vitro DDM with prolonged fermentation time. The feeds from anaerobic fermentation appeared lower NDF and higher in vitro DDM compared to those of aerobic fermentation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 2013

A Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from mushroom media that markedly reduces the level of extracellular toxins (i.e., tolaasins) produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii, the most destructive pathogen of cultivated mushrooms. The HC1 strain was selected as detoxifying tolaasin by bioassay on potato and it was identified Pseudomonas sp. by the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rRNA. The isolated bacterium is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacterium for P. tolaasii cell, was sufficient for detoxification in vitro. Inoculation of the isolated bacterium prevents the development of bacterial disease in Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammunia velutipes and Agaricus bisporus. Control efficacy of brown blotch of strain HC1 treatment was 69, 68 and 55% on Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes and Pleurotus ostreatus, respectively. The suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by P. tolaasii.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.569-586
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• 2017

We inoculated a spent mushroom substrate from Flammulina velutipes (SMSF) with a microbial additive and assessed the effects on chemical composition, ruminal fermentation parameters, and total-tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, three cannulated Hanwoo steers were used in an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). In Exp. 2, three Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to experimental diets according to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square for a 3-week period (2 weeks for adaptation and 1 week for sample collection). Experimental diets included the control diet (3.75 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw), SMSF diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d SMSF), and inoculated SMSF (ISMSF) diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d ISMSF). The chemical composition of ISMSF did not differ from that of SMSF. Microbial additive inoculation decreased pH (P<0.05) and improved preservation for SMSF. The percentages of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in ISMSF were slightly lesser than those in SMSF. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. Overall, microbial additive inoculation improved preservation for SMSF and may allow improved digestion in the rumen; however, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of SMSF and ISMSF diets were slightly lesser than the control diet. The ISMSF can be used as an alternative feedstuff to partially replace formulated concentrate feed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the genetic relationship of Flammulina velutipes with other species. The ribosomal DNA cluster containing 4 rRNA genes from F. velutipes 4154 were sequenced. The length of the rDNA cluster sequence was estimated at 7,403 bp long and consisted of 1,806 bp of SSU rDNA, 245 bp of ITS 1 region, 159 bp of 5.8S rDNA, 308 bp of ITS 2 region, 3,402 bp of LSU rDNA, 1,400 bp of IGS 1 region, and 83 bp of 5S rDNA. The F. velutipes 4154 genes were contained in the rDNA cluster of F. velutipes in the order of SSU rDNA - ITS 1 - 5.8S rDNA - ITS 2 - LSU rDNA - IGS 1 - 5S rDNA. The phylogenetic relationships of 20 strains of Tricholomataceae and Physalacriaceae were analyzed by conducting distance analysis using the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The 20 strains used in this study were divided into three groups and the strains of the genus Flammulina were related very closely to strains of Physalacria bambusae.