• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.169-182
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• 2012

This study was designed to evaluate the pain control effect by morphine injection to masticatory muscle pain patients. Patients with masticatory muscle pain visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital were recruited to this study and diagnosed by RDC/TMD. Experimental group were divided into three group; saline injection group(n=10), lidocaine injection group(n=10) and morphine injection group(n=10). Evaluation list was the subjective pain evaluation(visual analogue scale, Mc Gill pain questionnaire, pain drawing) and the objective pain evaluation(pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance) and evaluation time was injection before, after 10min, 30min, 60min and then it was analyzed statistically. The results were as follows : 1. The subjective pain evaluation and the objective pain evaluation were significantly different statistically in within subject effects(p<0.001). 2. The subjective pain drawing evaluation(p<0.001) were significantly different statistically in between subject effects. 3. The objective pressure pain threshold evaluation(p=0.025) were significantly different statistically in between subject effects. 4. The morphine injection group(p=0.001) were more significantly different than the saline injection group statistically in the subject pain drawing evaluation. Therefore, it was considered that the morphine injection was effective to pain control for masticatory muscle pain patients within 60 minute.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-46
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• 2000

Pain can be evaluated by experimental methods and clinical methods, but due to subjective characteristics of pain, clinical methods are generally used. The clinical pain measurement tools are divided into unidimensional and multidimensional assessment tools. The former include Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Faces Scale, and Poker Chip Tool and the latter include McGill Pain Questionnaire, MMPI, Pain Behavior Scale, Pain disability index, and Pain Rating Scale. Unidimensional pain scales mainly measure the intensity of pain on the basis of the patient's self report and their simple construction and ease of use enable the invesgator to assess acute pain. Multidimensional pain scales are used to evaluate subjective, psychological and behavioral aspects of pain and because of its comprehensive and confidential properties they are applied to chronic pain. Patient's linguistic and cognitive abilities are major factors to restrain accurate assessment of pain. Although behavioral patterns and vital sign are inferior to self-report in the measurement of pain, they can be useful indexes in those situations. When deciding on a pain-assessment tool, the investigator must determine which aspect of pain he or she wishes to evaluate on the characteristics of the group of patients, their backgrounds, and their communication skills. Making the proper choice will facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data and the formulation of valid conclusions.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

This paper addresses the minor differences in the description of pain in Korean language in order to develop a standarized cancer pain aneument tool for Korean adults, Korean Caancer Pain Assessement Tool. The subtle differences in the meaning of expressions used cannot be translated into English and therefore we omiltted the English abstract.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2003

This paper addresses the minor differences in the description of pain in Korean language in order to develop a standarized cancer pain aneument tool for Korean adults, Korean Cancer Pain Assessement Tool. The subtle differences in the meaning of expressions used cannot be translated into English and therefore we omiltted the English abstract.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.339-356
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• 2013

This study was designed to evaluate the sex differences in the pain control effect by morphine injection to masticatory muscle pain patients. Patients with masticatory muscle pain visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital were recruited to this study and diagnosed by RDC/TMD. Experimental group were divided into four group each from male (n=20) and female (n=20); saline injection group (n=5), lidocaine injection group (n=5), morphine 1.5 mg injection group (n=5) and morphine 3 mg injection group (n=5). Evaluation list was the subjective pain evaluation(visual analogue scale, Mc Gill pain questionnaire, pain drawing) and the objective pain evaluation(pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance) and evaluation time was injection before, after 1 hour, 24 hour, 48 hour and then it was analyzed statistically. The results were as follows : 1. The male and female were significantly different statistically morphine 3 mg group in visual analogue scale evaluation. (male: p<0.05, female: p<0.05) 2. The male and female were more significantly different statistically morphine 3 mg group than morphine 1.5 mg group in McGill pain questionnaire evaluation. (male: p<0.001, female: p<0.01) 3. The male were significantly different statistically morphine 3 mg group in pain drawing evaluation and pressure pain threshold evaluation. (PD: p<0.001, PPT: p<0.05) Therefore, it was revealed that the morphine 3 mg injection for masticatory muscle pain was effective to pain control male patients and more effect than female patients in the objective pain evaluation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2006

This paper studies natural head position and orofacial pain. For this study. 27 persons with dental service were selected, we examine head & neck pain, factor affecting pain severity, stress, stressful facial symptom with questionarre and interview. We have photograph for natural head position in front of 5cm posture scale pate. Data obtained were statistically processed by the SPSS Windows program and the results of this study were as follows: 1. There were significant difference from plum line to acromion line, from plum line to tragus line, eye- tragus angle, SCM angle. 2. Between group with head and neck pain and group without head and neck pain, the study shows no significant difference on average NHP measurement and NHP amount. 3. Between group with head and neck pain and group without head and neck pain, the study shows no significant difference on SRRS. 4. In this paper we indicate more stressful symptom in group with head and neck pain than group without head and neck pain. 5. There have no difference in head and neck pain level according to hobby.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2001

Purpose : Pain is the most serious symptom that cancer patients experience. About $60{\sim}90%$ of advanced cancer patients and four million patients worldwide, according to the WHO statistics, are reported to suffer from cancer pain. Although about $70{\sim}80%$ of the pain could be controlled according to the pain control principles, to our regret, only $30{\sim}40%$ are managed appropriately. This research was aimed to (1) investigates the prevalence of pain among cancer patients, (2) compare patients' perception of pain with physician's recognition and (3) evaluate appropriateness of the doctor's prescription of analgesic. Materials and Methods : Patients with advanced or terminal cancers admitted at department of internal medicine of Seoul National University Hospital for at least 7 days were enrolled. A questionnaire for the patients and the physicians in charge were given and the answers were compared for each other. We also examined their medical records and the physician's orders. Results : Total 59 patients were enrolled. Among them, 43 patients answered the questionnaire, and 27 patients (62.8%) suffered hem cancer pain. The survey also showed that physicians underestimated the severity of pain, overlooked frequently analgesic prescription principle, and that as the patients' pain became severe, the less adequate was pain managements. Conclusion : For cancer patients, pain was frequently overlooked, and treatment still inadequate. Based on this evidence, it seemed that more active practice and education about evaluation and management of cancer pain are needed.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.217-225
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• 2009

As Pain is a comprehensive, biopsy chosocial phenomenon, improved understanding and successful management of pain need assessment of health-related quality of life and psychological states. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain severity and pain-related interference to daily lives for patients with non-dental, orofacial pain(OFP) and a possible relation of OFP with psychological morbidity. Relation with such factors as gender, age, pain duration and diagnosis was also assessed. Inclusion criteria was all new patients with non-dental OFP attending the oral medicine.orofacial pain clinic of Dankook University Dental Hospital over 3 months' period, who completed the questionnaires of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Prior to the first consultation, the patients were asked to fill out the questionnaire in the waiting room and were diagnosed through consultation and clinical examination. Total subjects were 163 with M:F ratio of 1:1.5 and mean age of 34.6${\pm}$17.7 years. Mean duration of pain was 13.3${\pm}$26.2 months and all patients were divided into; Trigeminal Neuralgia group (TN, N=8), Neuropathic Pain group (NeP, N=9), Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain group (PIFP, N=8), and Temporomandibular Disorders group (TMD, N=138), subdivided into muscle problem (TMD-m, N=73), joint problem (TMD-j, N=24) and muscle-joint combined problem (TMD-c, N=41). OFP patients showed moderate pain severity and moderate pain-related interference. There was no gender difference in overall pain severity and interference and levels of anxiety and depression. Elderly patients aged ${\geq}$ 60 years showed higher pain severity (p<0.05). Patients with chronic pain ${\geq}$ 3 months reported more increased level of anxiety and depression than those with acute pain (p<0.05). Compared to TMD patients, patients with TN, NeP and PIFP suffered from higher level of pain and pain-related interference and reported higher level of anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Pain interference was closely correlated with their pain severity and with psychometric properties such as anxiety and depression. Pain severity was weakly correlated with levels of anxiety and depression. The results suggest a need for psychosocial assessment and support for successful management of OFP in addition to control of pain itself.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2008

Needle phobia of medical devices is a significant problem in children patients. We conducted study in 130 pediatric patients aged $8{\sim}13$(mean age 10.5) who had venipuncture performed in a computed tomography. This review aims to explore the research available relating to three commonly used pain rating scales of children, the visual analogue scale(VAS), numeric pain rating scale(NPRS) and Wong-Baker faces pain scale(WBFPS) with scores. Its validity is supported by a strong positive correlation with the three-pain rating scales(correlations ranging from 0.70 to 0.92) measure in children. There were no significant differences between the means on the VAS and either of the pain rating scales. It has the advantage of being suitable for use with the most widely used metric for scoring($0{\sim}10$), and conforms closely to a linear interval scale. These scales presented moderate to good correlation and moderate agreement, sufficient for valid use in children. All three pain-rating scales are valid, reliable and appropriate for use in intravenous catheter placement.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.177-193
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• 2009

The assessment of patient status in palliative medicine is essential for determining treatments and for clinical outcomes. The objective of assessment tools is to raise the quality of care for individual patients and their families. There are a number of tools available to assess pain, non-pain symptoms and quality of life. The tools are either uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional measures. Unfortunately, however, no single tool is recommended to be a superior to others in symptoms or quality of life assessment. Therefore, to select an appropriate assessment tool, one should consider the time frame and unique characteristics of tools depending on purpose and setting. The combination of prognostic index is highly recommended in prognostication, and web-based prognostic tools are available. Recently, a new objective prognostic score has been constructed through multicenter study in Korea. It does not include clinicalestimates of survival, but includes new objective prognostic factors, therefore, anyone can easily use it. For beginners in palliative medicine, relatively easy-to-use tools would be convenient. We recommend Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status to assess functional status, numeric rating scale for pain assessment and the Korean version of brief pain inventory for initial pain assessment. Asking directly with numeric rating scale or the Korean version of MD Anderson Symptom Inventory would be desirable to assess various symptoms together. We think that European Organization Research and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 for Palliative Care is good to assess the quality of life, while Objective Prognostic Score is convenient as prognostic index for beginners.