The Journal of the Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회논문지)

The Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison Study with Pain Assessment Tools of Pain Measurement in Children for Intravenous Catheter Placement in the Computed Tomography

CT 검사에서 소아 환자의 정맥 카데터 삽입 통증에 대한 측정 도구 비교

  • 권대철 (서울대학교병원 영상의학과) ;
  • 장근조 (예수병원 영상의학과)
  • Published : 2008.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Needle phobia of medical devices is a significant problem in children patients. We conducted study in 130 pediatric patients aged $8{\sim}13$(mean age 10.5) who had venipuncture performed in a computed tomography. This review aims to explore the research available relating to three commonly used pain rating scales of children, the visual analogue scale(VAS), numeric pain rating scale(NPRS) and Wong-Baker faces pain scale(WBFPS) with scores. Its validity is supported by a strong positive correlation with the three-pain rating scales(correlations ranging from 0.70 to 0.92) measure in children. There were no significant differences between the means on the VAS and either of the pain rating scales. It has the advantage of being suitable for use with the most widely used metric for scoring($0{\sim}10$), and conforms closely to a linear interval scale. These scales presented moderate to good correlation and moderate agreement, sufficient for valid use in children. All three pain-rating scales are valid, reliable and appropriate for use in intravenous catheter placement.

소아 환자는 정맥주사의 통증에 대한 심리적인 거부감 및 두려움이 존재하고 있다. 정맥 카데터 주입시의 통증을 평가하기 위해 CT검사를 위해 내원한 소아 130명(나이 $8{\sim}13$)을 대상으로 하였다. 통증 분석은 시각적 상사 척도(visual analog scale, VAS), 수치 통증 강도 척도(numeric pain rating scale, NPRS), Wong-Baker의 안면 통증 단계 척도(Wong-Baker faces pain scale, WBFPS)를 개량한 3종류의 평가 도구를 이용하였다. 시각적 상사 척도, 수치 통증 강도 척도, Wong-Baker의 안면 통증 단계 척도 간의 양의 상관관계($r=0.70{\sim}0.92$)를 보이고 있다. 시각적 상사 척도/수치 통증 강도 척도에서 보다 좋은 일치도를 나타냈다.

Keywords

References

  1. S. C. Kettwich, W. L. Sibbitt, L. G. Kettwich, C. J. Palmer, H. T. Draeger, and A. D. Bankhurst, "Patients with needle phobia? Try stressreducing medical devices," J Fam Pract, Vol.55, pp.697-700, 2006.
  2. S. C. Kettwich, W. L. Jr. Sibbitt, J. R. Brandt, C. R. Johnson, C. S. Wong, and A. D. Bankhurst, "Needle phobia and stress-reducing medical devices in pediatric and adult chemotherapy patients," J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, Vol.24, No.1, pp.20-28, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043454206296023
  3. D. Fassler, "The fear of needles in children," Am J Orthopsychiatry, Vol.55, No.3, pp.371-377, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03452.x
  4. M. McCaffery, "Pain relief for the child: problem areas and selected nonpharmacological methods," J. P. Nurs, Vol.3, pp.11-16, 1977.
  5. N. L. Schechter, "The undertreatment of pain in children: An overview," Ped Clin North Am, Vol.36, pp.781-794, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)36721-9
  6. A. Williamson and B. Hoggart, "Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales," J. C. Nurs, Vol.14, No.7, pp.798-804, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01121.x
  7. J. Chibnall and R. Tait, "Pain assessment in cognitively impaired and unimpaired older adults: A comparison four scales," Pain, Vol.92, pp.173-186, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00485-1
  8. E. J. Kim and M. T. Buschmann, "Reliability and validity of the faces pain scale with older adults," Int. J. Nurs Stud, Vol.43, No.4, pp.447- 456, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.01.001
  9. M. H. S. Hayes and D. G. Patterson, "Experimental development of the graphic rating method," Psychological Bulletin, Vol.18, pp.98-99, 1921.
  10. M. E. Cline, J. Herman, E. R. Shaw, and R. D. Morton, "Standardization of the visual analogue scale," Nurs Res, Vol.41, pp.378-380, 1992.
  11. C. A. Bodian, G. Freedman, S. Hossain, J. B. Eisenkraft, and Y. Beilin, "The visual analog scale for pain: clinical significance in postoperative patients," Anesthesiology, Vol.95, No.6, pp.1356-1361, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200112000-00013
  12. N. Burns and S. K. Grove, The practice of nursing research conduct, critique, and utilization. 4th ed., W. B. Saunders company, 2001.
  13. C. T. Hartrick, J. P. Kovan, and S. Shapiro, "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?" Pain Pract, Vol.3, No.4, pp.310-316, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x
  14. D. Wong and C. Baker, "Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales," J Pediatr Nurs, Vol.14, pp.9-17, 1988.
  15. J. M. Bland and D. G. Altman, "Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement," Lancet, Vol.1, pp.307-10, 1986.
  16. D. C. Kweon, S. M. Hong, and P. Park, "Comparison of time analysis on the film based system versus PACS in the CT scanning," IE Interfaces, Vol.15, No.4, pp.439-443, 2002.
  17. K. Abbott and S. Fowler-Kerry, "The use of a topical refrigerant anesthetic to reduce injection pain in children," J Pain Symptom Manage, Vol.10, No.8, pp.584-590, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(95)00086-0
  18. C. Viele, "Tips help to minimize injection-site pain from epoetin alfa therapy," Oncol Nurs Forum, Vol.21, No.4, pp.781-782, 1994.
  19. C. L. Wang, R. H. Cohan, J. H. Ellis, S. Adusumilli, and N. R. Dunnick, "Frequency, management, and outcome of extravasation of nonionic iodinated contrast medium in 69,657 intravenous injections," Radiology, Vol.243, No.1, pp.80-87, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2431060554
  20. C. M. Baker and D. L. Wong, "QUEST. A process of pain assessment in children," Orthop Nurs, Vol.6, pp.11-21, 1987.
  21. M. McCaffery and C. Pareso, "Pain ratings: the fifth vital sign," Am J Nurs, Vol.97, No.2, pp.15-16, 1997.
  22. H. R. Chapman and N. Kirby-Turner, "Visual/Verbal Analogue Scales: Examples of brief assessment methods to aid management of child and adult patients in clinical practice," Br Dent J, Vol.193, No.8, pp.447-450, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801593
  23. J. Lander, S. Fowler-Kerry, and S. Oberle, "Children's venipuncture pain: influence of technical factors," J Pain Symptom Manage, Vol.7, No.6, pp.343-349, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(92)90087-X
  24. C. R. Chapman, K. L. Casey, R. Dubner. K. M. Foley, R. H. Gracely, and A. E. Reading, "Pain measurement: an overview," Pain, Vol.22, No.1, pp.1-31, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(85)90145-9
  25. G. D. Champion, B. Goodenough, C. L. von Baeyer, and W. Thomas, Self-report measures of pain in children. In: PJ McGrath, GA Finley (Eds.) Measurement of pain in infants and children. Progress in pain research and management. IASP press(International Association for the Study of Pain), Vol.10, pp.123-160, 1998.
  26. K. L. Cassidy, G. J. Reid, P. J. McGrath, G. A. Finley, D. J. Smith, and C. Morley, "Watch needle, watch TV: Audiovisual distraction in preschool immunization," Pain Med, Vol.3, No.2, pp.108-118, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2002.02027.x
  27. M. Gharaibeh and H. Abu-Saad, "Cultural validation of pediatric pain assessment tools: Jordanian perspective," J Transcult Nurs, Vol.13, No.1, pp.12-18, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960201300103
  28. C. L. Hicks, C. L. von Baeyer, P. A. Spafford, I. van Korlaar, and B. Goodenough, "The faces pain scale-revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement," Pain, Vol.93, No.2, pp.173-183, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1
  29. H. J. Paik and Y, M. Ahn, "Measurement of pain following strabismus surgery in children," J Korean Ophthalmol Soc, Vol.41, No.4, pp.985-992, 2000.
  30. C. L. Hicks, C. L. von Baeyer, P. A. Spafford, I. van Korlaar and B. Goodenough, "The faces pain scale-revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement," Pain, Vol.93, No.2, pp.173-183, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1