• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1992

Sand and silt size fractions of soils which were derived from five major rocks of granite, granite-geniss, limestone, shale, and basalt in Korea were studied. Determination of the mineralogical and chemical composition of rock-forming mineral breakdown which is accompanied by the formation of secondary minerals. The chemical composition of the fraction was largely changed with the content of weatherable and resistant soil minerals such as ferromagenesian minerals, carbonates, and guartz. In the sand fractions of the soils from the granite and granite-gneiss, chlorite-vermiculite mixed layers seem to be an intermediate weathering product prior to the weathering state of the formation of vermiculite from chlorite. Kaolin minerals in the silt fractions of the soils from the granite-gneiss are considered to be formed by the pseudomorphic transformation of plagioclase. In the sand and silt fractions of the soils derived from the limestone, large amount of calcite and dolomite seems to have been inherited from the parent rocks. The primary chloritc, micas, and feldspars are considered to be formed from the weathering remains after leaching of carbonate minerals during the soil formation. In the residual soils(Gueom series) developed from the basalt, quartz and micas were coexisted with plagioclase and augite inherited from the parent rock.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.114-118
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• 2004

울산지역의 대수층 분포특성과 지하수 유동특성에 관해 연구하기 위해 크리깅 기법을 이용하였다. 울산지역의 시추자료 1,783개 지점과 지하수위자료 총 1,171개 지점에 대하여 2년간(2002년～2003) 자료를 획득하여 분석하였다. 본 연구지역의 표고 충적층 하부경계 심도, 충적층, 하부경계 심도, 충적층 층후, 풍화대 층후, 충적층-풍화대 층후, 대수층 단면, 지하수위 그리고 지하수유동 분석을 하기 위해 베리오그램 분석한 결과 풍화대 하부경계 심도에 지수형모델(exponential model), 나머지 지하수위를 포함한 성분들은 모두 구상형모델(shperical model)이 가장 적합하게 나타났다. 울산지역 대수층의 경우 산악지역은 얕은 충적층과 풍화대 분포가 나타나는 반면, 남구는 충적층, 북구는 풍화대 발달이 우세하게 나타났다. 그리고 울산지역의 충적층과 풍화대 층후 분포특성이 울산단층을 따라 층후가 두껍게 나타났다. 지하수 유동은 고지형의 북구와 동구 산악지역에서 바다에 인접한 내륙지역으로 지하수 유동특성을 보였으며, 울산의 4개구는 산악지역, 태화강, 동천강, 울산단층 그리고 충적층과 풍화대가 잘 발달된 대수층을 따라 지하수유동 특성이 잘 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2001

The effects of water stress on the development of Alpova dipiophloeus ectomycorrhizas and on the growth of nodulated Alnus rubra Bong seedlings were investigated. Five-day cyclic water stress significantly decreased the ectomycorrhizal development and the seedling growth. However, A. diplophloeus inoculated seedlings did not significantly differ from the non-inoculated seedlings in the growth and physiological activities under both well watered and water stressed conditions. $N_2$-fixation was less sensitive than $CO_2$ fixation to water stress. We conclude that under water stress conditions A. diplophloeus mycorrhizas do not contribute to the fitness of red alder seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.851-864
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• 2004

A coastal dune field, located at Kimnyong-Wolchung beach in Jejudo, Korea, extends alongshore for about 4 km, with dunes extending inland about 6 km. Detailed geomorphological analysis of the area was carried out by using areal photography and Landsat images. Samples were collected across two transects, and physical and chemical properties are analyzed to detect the variation of both properties depending on distance form the beach. Paleosol layers found during the field trip suggest that dune emplacement is episodic. Radiocarbon dates from nearby Hyupjae beach indicate that dunes have been formed during the late Holocene by the disturbance of calcareous materials.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1991

This study reports on the physical and chemical properties of the whole soils (<2mm) derived from five major rocks of granite, granite-gneiss, limestone, shale, and basalt in Korea. The properties were considered from the kind and frequency distribution of rock-forming minerals in the parent rocks. In particle size distribution, sand fractions were high in the soils from granite-gneiss, silt fractions mainly, in the residual soils from limestone, shale, and basalt. And clay fractions were particularly high in the colluvial soil from limestone and the old alluvial soil from basalt. pH, extractable Ca and Mg, and cation exchange capacity of the soils derived from limestone might be considered to be high due to the presence of sand and/or silt-sized calcite and dolomite inherited from the parent rocks. However, the soils derived from granite and granite-gneiss, being abundant in feldspars, quartz, and micas, showed a tendency to the contrary. A soil from shale composing of high quartz tended to have pH. extractable Ca, base saturation, and low exchangeable Al. In total element analysis, the soils derived from parent rocks with high contents of (i) orthoclase and micas, (ii) biotite, primary chlorite, and augite, and (iii) carbonate minerals and plagioclase as a rock-forming mineral showed a tendency to decrease the contents of $K_2O$, $Fe_2O_3$ and MgO, and CaO in comparison with those of their parent rocks.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.423-436
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• 2000

The lithofacies, biofacies, and paleosol development of the Jindong Formation, the Geoncheonri Formation, and the lacustrine deposits of Mt. Hwangryeong at Pusan, which occur in the southeastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin, were analyzed in comparative sedimentology and in stratigraphy. The common features of these lacustrine deposits are: 1) clastic deposits are prevailing, 2) deltaic deposits are not associated, 3) mudflat deposits are common, and 4) stromatolites are absent. The distinct differences among these deposits are: 1) in the Jindong Formation, the mudflat deposits are predominant, pedogenic calcretes are commonly present, and dinosaur tracks frequently occur, compared with other two lacustrine deposits, and 2) in the Geoncheonri Formation, invertebrate fossils are relatively common and storm deposits are not recognized, compared with other deposits, and 3) evaporite mineral casts and tuffaceous turbidite deposits are common in the Mt. Hwangryeong lacustrine deposits. In stratigraphy, the Geoncheonri Formation is correlated with the lower part of the Jindong Formation, and the Mt. Hwangryeong lacutsrine deposits are deemed to overlie the Jindong Formation. On the basis of comparative sedimentology and stratigraphic relationship among these lacustrine deposits, general paleoenvironements of the southeastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin from the late Hayang time to the early Yucheon time are interpreted as follows. During the late Hayang time, tectonic and volcanic activities were generally inacitive in the Gyeongsang Basin, and lacustrine environments expanded since the paleoclimatic condition became less arid compared with the middle Hayang time. In general, however, paleoclimate during the late Hayang time was still arid, and wetting and drying periods were alternated. The occasional occurrences of severe droughts were also characteristic of the late Hayang time. Mudflats existed in wide area in the southeastern part of the Gyeongsang Basin during the late Hayang time, and sedimentation rate was accordingly low. The sedimentation rate became relatively high during the latest Hayang time and the early Yucheon time since tectonic and volcanic activities had been active. Generally arid climate continued for the early Yucheon time, enough for evaporite minerals to precipate occasionally.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2009

'Nokkwang' green pepper plants were grown in soil system (silty loam with pH 6.5) under the greenhouse, to determine the effects of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation plus aeration (SDIA) into root zone comparing with conventional surface drip irrigation (DI) in terms of water use efficiency, soil properties, and growth and fruit yield. Two drip lines per crop row were layed on the soil surface in DI system, buried at a depth of 20cm below the soil surface in SDI system, and also buried at a depth of20cm below the soil surface and aerated for 3minutes a hour during the daytime ($08:00{\sim}19:00$) by a air compressor in SDIA system. A automatic irrigation with starting point of -20kPa and ending point of -10kPa based on soil moisture contents was applied by controllers and electronic vacum soil moisture sensors. Reduction in soil moisture contents was delayed in SDI and SDIA, compared to DI. Irrigation amount applied in pepper cultivation was around 30% less in SDI than in DI. Electric conductivity and nitrate nitrogen content in the surface soil grown green pepper were significantly lowered in SSDI and SDIA, compared to DI. Better development of root system was observed in SDIA and SDI than in DI. Results showed that pepper fruit yield increased by 30% in SDIA and 22% in SDI in comparision with DI.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.57-57
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• 2019

본 연구는 관상 및 조경용으로 개발이 가능한 남방계 양치식물인 점고사리[Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett.]의 전엽체 증식 및 포자체 형성에 적합한 배양조건을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 무가온 온실에서 성숙한 포자엽을 채집한 후 포자를 기내에서 발아시켜 전엽체를 획득하였으며, 8주 간격으로 계대배양 하여 실험의 재료로 사용하였다. 배지종류에 따른 전엽체의 증식 및 형태형성을 확인하고자, 배양된 전엽체 0.3g을 메스로 잘게 다진 후, 농도를 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2배로 조절한 MS배지에 8주간 배양하였다. 이후 선발된 배지를 기준으로 sucrose, 활성탄, 질소급원의 농도를 조절하여 전엽체의 증식과 형태형성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 1MS배지에서 전엽체의 생체중이 초기 접종량인 0.3g에 비해 10.7배 증가한 3.2g으로 가장 높은 증가율을 보였다. 형태관찰에서도 장정기의 형성이 관찰되었으며, 전엽체의 쿠션조직이 비교적 잘 발달하였다. 전엽체 증식에 가장 좋은 효과를 보인 1MS배지를 기준으로 sucrose의 농도를 0-4%로 달리하여 실험한 결과, 1%의 처리구에서 6.7g으로 가장 높은 생체중을 보였다. 활성탄의 농도를 0-0.8%로 첨가한 네 처리구 중에서는 0.8%의 처리구에서 14.2g으로 무처리구에 비해 생체중이 2배 이상 증가하였다. 전엽체의 형태 또한 정상적인 발달을 보였다. 질소급원의 비율을 30-120mM로 조절한 배지에서는 60mM의 처리구에서 4.9g으로 가장 높은 생체중을보였다. 이후 포자체 형성을 위한 최적의 토양조건을 구명하고자, 원예상토, 피트모스, 펄라이트 및 마사토의 비율을 달리하여 5종류의 배양토를 조성하였다. 혼합된 토양은 사각분($7.5{\times}7.5{\times}7.5cm$)에 충진 하였으며, 배양된 전엽체 1g을 증류수와 함께 10초간 분쇄한 다음 준비된 토양표면에 분주하여 재배하였다. 12주간의 재배 결과, 원예상토를 단용한 토양에서 포자체의 수가 포트당 250.0개로 가장 많이 형성되었으며, 포자체의 생육 또한 다른 처리구에 비해 우수한 결과를 보였다. 한편 피트모스가 혼합된 토양에서는 포자체가 형성되지 않았다. 따라서 점고사리의 전엽체 대량증식에 적합한 배지는 sucrose 1%와 질소급원의 농도를 60mM, 활성탄을 0.8% 첨가한 1MS배지로 판단되며, 포자체 대량생산을 위해서는 원예상토를 단용한 토양이 적합하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.60-69
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• 1996

Along with rapid industrial development, toxic chemicals have been discharged extensively into the environment. Many of them have flowed into the soil which is final acceptor of environmental pollutants. As a result, they have deteriorated soil and groundwater environment. Once the soil and groundwater were contaminated by pollutants, these media can not be easily restored without artificial remediation. Foreign countries which accomplished earlier industrialization compared to our country have invested enormous capital for the remediation of contaminated sites and the development of relevant technology. In our country the reserch on the development of remediation technology has been conducted for several years, but it is still in its initial stage. This report represents remediation technologies, their adaptability and clean up procedure etc. which are being used for the managenent of contaminated site in advanced countries.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.3 s.172
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• pp.207-219
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• 2005

The physical and chemical characteristics of soils in a small watershed were investigated and the effect of geology and land use on soil quality were examined by using multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis. The soil developed from andesite had finer texture and higher contents of water extractable inorganic components, clay, and mafic minerals than the soil developed from granite. It is considered that the accumulation of salts in the farmland soils indicated by electrical conductivity, contents of cations and anions and pH was caused by fertilizer input during cultivation. The low contents of organic matter in the farmland soils was due to the enhanced oxidation of organic matter by tillage and by the harvest of crops. The contents of inorganic components are increased as following order: upland > orchard > paddy field > forest. The high contents of water soluble $SO_4\;^{2-}$ of paddy soils is due to the oxidation of sulfides mineral formed during the flooding period during the air-dry and extraction. The results of principal components analysis show the difference of soil quality was controlled by geology and land use. PCI indicate the input of fertilizer, mineral weathering and ion exchange reaction by application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The results of two discriminant analyses using water extractable inorganic components and their ratios by land use were also clearly classified by discriminant function 1 and 2. In discriminant analysis by components, discriminant function 1 indicated the effect of fertilizer application and increased as following order: upland > orchard > paddy field > forest soil. The investigated and predicted data for land use from discriminant analysis showed similar results. The discriminant analysis can be used as a useful method certifying the change of land use.