• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.553-564
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• 2017

This report compared and analyzed the degree of surface change and results of a deterioration experiment to assess the possibility of using Dobak glue as an adhesive in the fossilizing treatment of the paint layer in earthen mural paintings. The weathering experiments were performed with a color-difference meter (CR-400, MINOLTA). After the experiment, Cinnabar 3% specimens, which exhibited diverse changes in the durability test, were additionally tested with a reflection-transmission device (CARY-5000, AGILENT). Post UV degradation, most of the Dobak-glue samples exhibited lesser color change than animal-glue samples, and after moisture absorption and drying, the 0.5% and 3% Dobak samples displayed a lower degree of change in the value of color difference. Furthermore, results of the reflection-transmission test after deterioration indicated that Dobak glue presented a lesser color change than animal glue. Therefore, if Dobak glue is used as a consolidating agent, discoloration on account of degradation is minimal.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.143-155
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the properties and manufacturing methods of soil mural finishing layers fabricated using animal glue, starch adhesive(wheat paste), and Dobak glue. We assessed the workability and weatherproofing properties of the earthen plaster and finishing layers fabricated using concentrations of 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% for each adhesive. The results showed that a mixture using 3% or 5% starch adhesive or 3% Dobak glue was suitable for constructing the finishing layer. For finishing layers made with animal glue, earthen plaster had poor workability. It was dry and easily broken as the concentrations of animal glue increased. However, specimens made with low concentrations of animal glue did not exhibit surface deterioration after a freezing-thawing test. Therefore, animal glue mixtures could possibly be used for constructing finishing layers in concentrations lower than 3%. Mixtures containing starch adhesive produced plasters with good workability. Additionally, starch adhesive enhanced compression strength. However, when starch adhesive was mixed at concentrations above 7%, the surface exhibited roughening and staining in freezing-thawing tests. When Dobak glue was used in mixtures, it enhanced compression strength, but concentrations above 5% produced specimens with surface cracking. For concentrations of 3%, there were no cracks and the specimens were stable after freezing-thawing tests, so concentrations below 3% of Dobak glue are suitable for constructing finishing layers. We expect this study will be useful for restoring the traditional technology of soil mural finishing layers and suggest using adhesives to construct the finishing layer.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2005

In this study, the fifteen month behavior of two geosynthetic reinforced walls which was constructed on the shallow weak ground was measured and analyzed. The walls were backfilled with clayey soil obtained from the construction site nearby, and the safety factors obtained from general limit equilibrium analysis were less than 1.3 in both wall. The measured and analyzed data were horizontal earth pressures, strain of reinforcements, and excess pore water pressures. The used reinforcements were nonwoven geotextile, woven geotextile and geogrid. Although the length of reinforcement was only 30% of wall height and the safety factors of the walls were less than 1.3, the walls were constructed without any problems on the such weak ground. The analysis results showed that the maximum strain of reinforcements were negligible and the strain was between 2.3 and 6.0% according to tensile characteristic of the reinforcements. The excess pore water pressure was not changed due to the rainfall and the horizontal earth pressures in upper and lower part of the walls were larger than the active and the rest pressure.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.395-406
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• 2013

The conservation of damaged object should be restored by the similar material with the original and they have to reversibility as possible as. The characteristics of Buddhist mural paintings composed of clay are with soft material. So far, there have been a number of researches done on filling material that reinforces cracks and exfoliation of mural painting. Based on the application of traditional materials, it was found that they are appropriate to various applications. However, only based on those research results, there are some constraints to the application in the field. In addition, there has been only a few researches done on physical characteristics of filling materials. A major issue is that there is not any standard established on various mixing ratio, which is required for treatment of mural painting. This study was carried out to understand the physical characteristics of filling materials on clay mural painting. The 1st test was conducted to analyze test specimen in twelve different conditions by varying soil mixing ratio and organic medium. The 2nd test was conducted to manufacture filling materials appropriate to the mural painting, based on the result of stable condition from the 1st test, and which was applied to treatment in field.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.701-711
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• 2021

This study identifies the structure and material characteristics of the mural paintings in Daeungjeon at Ssanggyesa temple in Jindo by conducting scientific research and analysis including microscope examination, SEM-EDS, XRD, particle size analysis, and others. According to the analyses, the murals were considered to be of a typical soil mural style for Korean Buddhist murals, given that the walls were made of sand and soil and the murals had layers consisting of wall layers and a finishing layer. However, some finishing layer used calcite, while some ground layer used zinc white beneath the thick paint. In addition, there were similar features to those found on the surfaces of oil paintings such as cracks along with the paint layer, high gloss on surfaces, and thick brush strokes in many areas. It was found that the walls on which the murals were painted were made of soil but that the paint layer was created based on the oil painting technique using drying oil. It determined that the murals were painted in a unique painting style that is rarely found in other typical Buddhist murals in Korea.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.11 no.1 s.14
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• pp.38-51
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• 2002

The first priority we face in the conservation of wall paintings, is the conservation of painting layer. The 'painting layer' is sometimes called the pigment layer, and refers to the painted surface. For the consolidation of this painting layer we use 'fixative'. Fixative is a common adhesive which has been used in various field and conservators have made up for the weak points in the consolidation of wall paintings. In my thesis, I will summarise the range of use, standards of selection, and results of research on the use of fixative in the conservation of European paintings. In addition, I will describe various kinds of our traditional fixatives. As synthetic resins have proved that it is not ideal as a fixative for wall painting, conservators have studied to find an alternative. Same as European conservators, Asian scientists has researched to find alternative fixative which is more suitable to the wall paintings in Asia based on their traditional techniques and materials. Therefore, 1 have studied to find an adequate fixative for our own wall paintings and I could conclude that we can consider traditional fixative which is made of 'seaweeds' as an alternative and it is very important to proceed research and experiment on this material.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.403-409
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• 2015

Malachite and Azurite are the typical copper system pigments which used the mural paintings since ancient times. The mural painting is at risk for damages of the painting layer by atmosphere gas because it is exposed at external environment. In this study, it did experiment about an effect to Malachite and Azurite by environmental pollution gas($NO_2$, $CO_2$, $SO_2$) then analysis and estimate about test for pieces using mural painting colored that two pigments. As a result, Malachite and Azurite were changed on $NO_2$ but not changed $CO_2$ and $SO_2$. Especially as the concentration of $NO_2$ is increased, exfoliation of the pigment layer weave remarkably formed pores on the pigment particles on SEM, the phenomenon to be pieces were observed together with smaller particles. In the case of Malachite that were exposed to $NO_2$ gas, new compounds(Rouaite : dicopper (nitrate(V) trihydroxide, $Cu_2(NO_3)(OH)_3$)) was appeared by XRD analysis. Therefore, there had been able to verify the fact that the cause exfoliation and discoloration phenomena accompanied by chemical changes for Malachite and Azurite.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.4-21
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the names and types of walls constructed in the late Joseon Dynasty in YeonggeonUigwe, a record of construction works of the Joseon Dynasty, and to examine the current status and name of walls constructed in the main hall and the Yeongnyeongjeon Hall of Jongmyo Shrine. The results of the study are as follows. First, the name of the wall can be divided into four types depending on the characteristics, including direction, location, shape, function, material, and complexity, and was used as a compound word in front of the wall. Second, some of the wall types related to the material were found to have differences in the timing of theypes of walls. Since the 18th century, the use of earthen walls has been reduced, and the use of wooden walls and paper walls are often used. Third, the walls of the Jongmyo Shrine were composed of a mud wall and a fireproof wall. A fireproof wall was installed in the main hall, including a pillar, while the Yeongnyeongjeon Hall was installed only between the pillar and the pillar. Fourth, the Gap Wall can be defined as the "wall constructed at the upper part of the chamber used in the construction of the building in Jongmyo." This study is meaningful in that it attempted to clarify the definition of a wall in the late Joseon Dynasty by examining the names and examples of walls used in the late Joseon Dynasty, focusing on walls that lacked research in familiarity.