• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2018

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is used as a nitrogen-fixing green manure in Korea to improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion, and suppress weeds and nematodes. In 2014, wilting sunn hemp plants were observed in green manure-cultivated fields in Wanju, Korea. Leaves of the infected plants began yellowing, starting with the lower leaves, eventually leading to their death. Moreover, a number of dark perithecia were observed on the wilting stems. Six isolates were obtained from these perithecia by single spore isolation. Based on their morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Fusarium udum (teleomorph: Gibberella indica). Macroconidia were slightly curved with almost hooked apical cell, and microconidia were formed on false heads by monophialides. Chlamydospores were produced abundantly in the hyphae, either singly or in clusters. To confirm the identification, multilocus sequence analysis was conducted using translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF), calmodulin (CAL), and histone 3 (HIS3). The sequences of TEF, CAL, and HIS3 showed 94.4~96.2%, 99.7%, and 99.6~99.8% similarity to the reference sequences of F. udum in NCBI GenBank, respectively. Pathogenicity was tested on sunn hemp and two soybean cultivars using the inoculation method of soil drenching with spore suspension. The wilting symptoms were observed only in sunn hemp and one cultivar of soybean (cv. Teagwang) after 14~21 days of inoculation. This is the first report of wilt disease in sunn hemp caused by Fusarium udum in Korea.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.874-880
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• 2010

We sought to develop natural preservatives or functional health foods from black soybeans (Yakkong, Seoritae and Chungkukjang). These materials were extracted with distilled water or 70% (v/v) ethanol, and the extracts sanalyzed for polyphenol content and tested for antioxidative and fibrilytic activities. The polyphenol contents of water extracts from Yakkong and Yakkong Chungkukjang was 316.23 mg/100 g, 896.01 mg/100 g, respectively, whereas those from Seoritae and Seoritae Chungkukjang were 304.28 mg/100 g and 875.23 mg/100 g. The polyphenol contents of water extracts from Chungkukjang were 2.8-fold higher than those from black soybean. The electron-donating abilities (EDAs) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities of water extracts from black soybean Chungkukjang were higher than those of water extracts from black soybean, but both extracts had fibrinolytic activity, the highest activity was present in water extracts of Yakkong Chungkukjang. The polyphenol contents, and antioxidative and fibrinolytic activities of extracts from black soybean Chungkukjang were higher than those of other black soybean extracts from black soybeans. These results indicate that black soybean Chungkukjang can be used for development of a health food or as a natural antioxidant.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1994

High quality rapeseed cultivars including Nojeokchae, Yeongsanyuchae Halla-yuchae and Tamrayuchae have been released and recommended as a zero erucic acid variety to Cheju farmers for 13 years, where is a major rapeseed production area in korea. However, rapeseeds produced in Cheju island in 1992 and 1993 contained 47.7% and 37.0% of erucic acid respectively resulting in poor quality oil being not adequate for edible oil. It was considered that the zero erucic acid varieties did not have an opportunity to be cultivated in Cheju island by farmers living in the Island. Thus, the new rapeseed varieties without erucic acid should be bred and recommended to the farmers of southern area of Korea as a multiple cropping crop just after rice harvest, and for large scale mechanized and labour-serving rapeseed culture. The change of rapeseed breeding goal would be desirable for fatty acid composition improvement of rapeseed to develop varieties adaptable to southern part of Korea, and to produce rapeseed oil directly used as an edible oil safely.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.spc
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• pp.96-102
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine agronomic characteristics and seed qualities of 827 Korean soybean landraces according to the collecting areas. Agronomic characteristics and seed qualities was examined according to the localities by weather characteristics. Days to flowering was the longest (mean 70.9 days) in the northwest seashore, and the most short in the south inland (mean 63.8 days). Growth days was the longest in the Gyeongbuk inland (mean 136.0 days), and the most short in the mountain-high (mean 132.8 days). The stem height was the most short in the north-west seashore (mean 81.3 cm), and in the south seashore (mean 58.8 cm). The seed weight of 100 seeds was the lightest in the north-west seashore (mean 17.1 g), and the heaviest in the south-west seashore (mean 21.5 g). The crude protein contents was the lowest in the north-west seashore (mean 40.1%), the highest in the south seashore (mean 42.8%), and vice versa in the crude oil. The contents of sucrose and oligo-saccharide was the highest 5.8% and 8.6%, respectively, in the mountain-high, and the lowest 4.8% and 7.6% in the Gyeongbuk inland and south seashore, respectively. Among the iso-flavone contests, the contents of genistein and total was the highest, $635.6\;{\mu}g/g$ and $1258.1\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the mountain inland, and the lowest $319.2\;{\mu}g/g$ and $835.3\;{\mu}g/g$ in the south-west seashore. The contents of glycitein was the highest $124.3\;{\mu}g/g$ in the south seashore.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.3-42
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• 2002

21세기에는 인구의 폭발적 증가와 함께 가속화된 산업화로 말미암아 경지 면적은 줄고 농업 환경은 더욱 피폐해질 것으로 예상된다. 지금도 이미 화석 에너지원의 고갈로 대체 에너지 개발이 시급히 요구되고 있으며, 지구의 자연 환경 보존 목소리도 그 어느 때 보다 높다. 한마디로 식량, 에너지, 환경 문제가 새 세기에 우리가 시급히 해결해야할 과제로 주어져 있다. 이에 과학계에서는 식량 및 대체 에너지원의 공급을 증대시키고 환경을 보존할 수 있는 보편적인 수단으로 환경 친화적 유전자 변형 (GM)작물의 활용이 제시되고있다. 따라서 선진국들은 이의 기반이 되는 식물유전체 연구에 대규모 투자를 아끼지 않고 있으며, 이를 이 용한 식물 생명공학산업을 국가 전략 산업으로 집중 육성하고 있다. GM작물 제조 기술은 유용 유전자의 발굴 및 재조합, 식물세포로의 이식 및 재분화를 통한 완전한 식물체 재생, 이를 품종으로 실용화하는 단계로 구성되어 있다. GM작물은 1983년 항생제 저항성 담배가 개발된 것을 시점으로 하여, 1994년에는 연화지 연 토마토 Flaver Saver이후 지금까지 개발 실용화된 작물은 제초제 저항성 콩, 카놀라, 목화, 그리고 해충 저항성 옥수수 등이 있으며,2001년까지 세계적으로 상품화 승인을 얻은 경우는 15 작물 68품종에 이른다. 2001년 경우 GM작물 종자시장은 약 30억 달러에 달하고 있으며, 미국, 아르헨티나, 캐나다 등 세계적으로 52.6백만 ha에 이르는 면적에서 재배되었다. 그러나 GM농산물의 식품 및 환경 안전성에 대한 의구심이 일기 시작하였고, 따라서 이의 생산 및 소비에 대한 전반적 인 문제가 뜨거운 쟁점으로 부각되기도 하였다. 이 에 각국 정부는 객관적 인 안전성을 확보하기 위한 제도적인 장치를 마련하고 있으며, 아울러 과학기술자들은 더욱 안전한 형질전환 기술 개발을 도모하고 있다. 다음 세대의 GM작물은 단순한 제초제 및 병해충 저항성을 넘어서서 특정 영양 또는 건강기능성을 향상시켜 부가가치를 증가시킨 신품종 맞춤작물이 지속적으로 개발 상업화될 것이다. 따라서 고유성을 가진 유용 유전자의 대량 확보 여부가 산업적 경쟁력을 결정하게 될 것이다. 지금까지 개별 유전자 중심으로 이루어지던 유용 유전자 발굴 작업은 유전체학의 출현으로 규모가 대량화되고 그 효율이 증진되었다. 따라서 진 각국은 유용 유전자 발굴에 국가적 차원의 역량을 집중하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라는 정부와 민간의 소규모 지원으로 근근히 기술 습득 차원에 머물러 왔으며, 산업적 경쟁력의 무기가 될 고유한 유용 유전자와 형질전환 기술이 거의 없는 어려운 상황에 놓여 있다. 최근 정부가 시작한 생명공학 분야 대규모 연구지원 사업 기대를 모아 보며 이 분야 과학기술자들의 노력을 촉구한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.33-39
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• 2001

An isolate of the indigenous fungus Pythium myriotylum was isolated from Monochoria vaginalis in Yusung, Korea in year 2000 and evaluated potential as a biocontrol agent in laboratory and greenhouse. P. myriotylum MD2 grew in a wide range of temperature regimes and the optimal growth temperature was $35^{\circ}C$. The fungus was highly pathogenic to Monochoria vaginalis at 30 to $35^{\circ}C$. Several weeds such as Rotala, indica, Lindernia procumbens, Ludwigia prostrata, Cyperus difformis, Scirpus juncoides, Aneilema keisak were also susceptible to the fungus, but Echinochloa crus-galli was not. The fungus affected the growth of rice seed germinated, but not to rice seedlings of 1- to 3-leaf stage. A total of 12 rice cultivars (3- to 4-leaf stage) tested showed no disease symptoms when inoculated with the fungus. Eleven crops, including Chinese cabbage, corn, soybean except wheat were immune to the infection of the fungi. These data suggest that P. myriotylum MD2 has a potential as a mycoherbicide to control weeds in paddy fields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.690-706
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• 2019

Paddy fields play an important role in the biodiversity conservation of agroecosystems as man-made wetlands. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of paddy fields in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 33 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2016. The results showed that the vascular plants of the paddy fields in South Korea included 389 taxa, composed of 51 families, 219 genera, 350 species, four subspecies, 30 varieties, and five forms. Among the 51 families, Gramineae was the most diverse in species (76 taxa), followed by Compositae (61 taxa), Leguminosae (32 taxa), Cyperaceae (27 taxa), Polygonaceae (15 taxa), and Scrophulariaceae (12 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. (100%) were the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (97.0%), Bidens frondosa L. (97.0%), Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (97.0%), Rorippa palustris (Leyss.) Besser (93.9%), Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. (93.9%), Lemna perpusilla Torr. (93.9%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis(90.9%), Rorippa palustris(Leyss.) Besser(87.9%), Eclipta prostrata(L.) L.(87.9%), Commelina communis L.(87.9%), Artemisia princeps Pamp.(84.8%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.(84.8%), Cyperus microiria Steud.(84.8%), and Aneilema keisak(Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. (81.8%). The biological type of paddy fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-t type. Rare plants were found in six taxa: Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Penthorum chinense Pursh, Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala (Miq.) Hartog, Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, and Acorus calamus L. Eighty taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 15 families, 54 genera, 76 species, three varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 24.8% and 20.6%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.447-466
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• 2019

The orchard flora where perennial fruit trees are grown may be different than in arable fields where annual crops are grown. The study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of orchards in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (May-June and August-September) in 2014. The results showed that the vascular orchard plants in South Korea included 466 taxa, which contained 91 families, 278 genera, 420 species, two subspecies, 39 varieties, four forms, and one hybrid. Among the 91 families, Compositae was the most diverse in species (66 taxa), followed by Gramineae (51 taxa), Leguminosae (28 taxa), Cyperaceae (18 taxa), Polygonaceae (17 taxa), Cruciferae (16 taxa), and Labiatae (14 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%) was the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (94.4%), Commelina communis L. (94.4%), Persicaria longiseta(Bruijn) Kitag.(91.7), Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) L. W. Medicus(91.7%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (91.7%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (86.1%), Artemisia princeps Pamp. (86.1%), Cyperus microiria Steud. (86.1%), Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. (83.3%), Stellaria media(L.) Vill.(83.3%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.(83.3%). The biological type of orchards in South Korea was determined to be Th-₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found six taxa: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim., Ardisia crenata Sims, Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC., and Aster koraiensis Nakai. Eighty-five taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 58 genera, 80 species, four varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 26.3% and 18.2%, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.255-259
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• 2004

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated cotyledonary node transformation was used to produce transgenic soybean. Cotyledonary node explants of three cultivars and one genotype were co-cultivated with strains Agrobacterium (LBA4404, GV3101, EHA101, C58) containing the binary vectors (pCAMBIA3301 and pPTN289) carrying with CaMV 35S promoter-GUS gene as reporter gene and NOS promoter-bar gene conferring resistance to glufosinate (herbicide Basta) as selectable marker. There was a significant difference in the transformation frequency depend on bacteria strain. The EHA101 strain of the bacterial strains employed gave the maximum efficiency (3.6%). One hundred-six lines transformed showed the resistance in glufosinate. Histochemical GUS assay showed that at least 11 plants transformed with the GUS gene were positive response. The soybean transformants were obtained from the Thorne (5 plants), 1049 (5 plants) and Bakun (1 plant), respectively. Southern blot analysis and leaf painting assay revealed that the GUS and bar gene segregated and expressed in their progeny.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2000

It was investigated 91 families, 305 genera, 470 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties, 2 forma and total 503 taxa of herbal resources plants in Chollabuk-do area in this study. Among them 45 taxa belong to Compositae, 30 taxa belong to Rosaceae and 23 taxa belong to Leguminosae in order were occurred frequently. In general the herbal resources plants were distributed abundantly in Togyusan, Naejangsan, Changansan and Taedunsan area. Comparatively high frequent species was surveyed as follows: Schizandra chinensis, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, C. simplex, Asarum sieboldii, Arisaema amurense var. serratum, Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum, Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina and Veratrum patulum etc. There was growing 30-50 individuals of Codonopsis lanceolata in 5m$\times$5m quadrat, 90 Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum plant in 1m$\times$1m and 100 Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum plant in 1m$\times$1m quadrat from Togyusan quantitatively. Rare and herbal worth species were observed to distribute such as Gastrodia elata in Naejangsan and Togyusan and Acanthopanax senticosus in Mandoksan, Chinan-gun, respectively. Cultivating species in the farm now and/or favorable species in the future will be recommended here, for example, Codonopsis pilosus, A. senticosus, G. elata, Rubus coreanus, C. lanceolata and Pleuropterus multiflorus.