• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.737-752
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• 2008

About 1800, mathematicians combined analysis of error and probability theory into error theory. After developed by Gauss and Laplace, error theory was widely used in branches of natural science. Motivated by the successful applications of error theory in natural sciences, scientists like Adolph Quetelet tried to incorporate social statistics with error theory. But there were not a few differences between social science and natural science. In this paper we discussed topics raised then. The problems considered are as follows: the interpretation of individual man in society; the arguments against statistical methods; history of the measures for diversity. From the successes and failures of the $19^{th}$ century social statisticians, we can see how statistics became a science that is essential to both natural and social sciences. And we can see that those problems, which were not easy to solve for the $19^{th}$ century social statisticians, matter today too.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.475-483
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to figure out the research trend of surveying in Korea through the analyses of research field and the published year of surveying related papers in journals and theses of master and Ph. D. The papers and theses published since 1957 were collected and analyzed to find out the major research topics and trends with time. The analyses of research trends in terms of time showed certain correlation between research areas, for example, remote sensing is highly correlated with GIS (98%), GPS correlated with GIS(95%). Through the regression analysis, it was found that the trends of the most fields were well-fitted with a third-order polynomial except the field of Geodesy. Furthermore, it was predicted that the number of studies in general surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing and land information will be increasing while those in GPS, GIS, digital map and Geodesy will be decreasing.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.261-266
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• 2005

According to development of satellite geodesy, gravity potential models which have high accuracy and resolution were released. Using the EIGEN-CG01C model based on low orbit satellite data such as CHAMP and GRACE and the EGM96 model, geoid and gravity anomaly were calculated and compared. The study area is located at $123^{\circ}{\sim}132^{\circ}$ E, $33^{\circ}{\sim}43^{\circ}$ including Korea. Comparing two models, very high correlation more than 0.90 in geoid and gravity anomaly was observed, but in amplitude analysis the EIGEN-CG01C model have higher amplitude in high frequency area. Gravity anomaly calculated with both models shows a little difference in North Korea and some coast area of the Yellow sea. Through power spectrum analysis, residual anomaly that can be used in large scale structure or underground resources survey was calculated.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.10 no.4 s.22
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• pp.61-67
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• 2002

This study is aimed to suggest a practical use of GPS continuous stations by conducting the precision analysis using its data. Currently dozens of continuous stations have been installed and operated since the first GPS continuous station built by KAO(Korea Astronomy Observation) in 1985. The utilization of the surveyed information, however, has been under-developed regardless of a significant investment, which leads the necessity of utilization plan. The results of this study show that the mis-closures between the two points at University of Incheon and Suwon/Seoul stations of NGI(National Geography Institute), Seoul stat ion of KAO, and Incheon station of MOGAHA(Ministry Of Government Administration and Home Affairs) are 0.0206m, 0.0118m, 0.0129m and 0.0024m respectively. It indicates that the analyzed mis-closures were less than the allowed values ill the primary/secondary control point specification for GPS surveying, i.e. a mis-closure less than 30mm for the distance less than 30km and a mis-closure less than $IPPM{\times}D(km)$ for the distance greater than 30km.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.465-474
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• 2007

This paper focuses on examining and evaluating results of the Korean Geodetic Datum 2002 (KGD2002) of the national horizontal network adjustment. To this end, 137 geodetic control points were independently observed by GPS technology. After processing all the observations, their results were compared with ones derived by the national network adjustment which was recently performed to determine new KGD 2002 coordinate sets over the national geodetic control points. The comparisons results showed that RMSE was ${\pm}2.7cm$ and ${pm}6.5cm$ in horizontal and vertical component in the case of GPS network, whereas RMSE was ${\pm}3.0cm$, in horizontal component in the case of EDM network.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 1998

The aim of this paper is to propose the technique of the two dimensional geodetic coordinates conversion between WGS84 and Bessel spheroids by the two-dimensional affine transformation modeling based on the UTM plane coordinates without the local geoid model which is essential to three dimensional coordinates conversion. Area of approximately $25\times{11}$ square km in the city of Inchon was selected as the test area. The transformation parameters were determined using the eleven triangulation control points in test area. And then, those paraneters were applied to the fifteen cadastral control points which selected as checking points for precision checking of transformation parameters. The average and standard deviations of the absolute values of the conversion residuals of checking points in latitude/longitude and N/E(UTM) and/or x/y(TM) are $\pm0.006"$$\pm0.013"$ and $\pm{17cm/}\pm{30cm}$ respectively. Also, coefficients for 7-parameters, 3-parameters and UTM model transformation computed according as sizes of transformed area, and then the transformed characteristics of checking points according to transformation methods analyzed synthetically.hetically.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 2011

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute(KASI) has been developing one mobile SLR system since 2008 named as ARGO-M. Control logic in real-time laser ranging and data processing for normal point from the ranging data are key elements in the operation system of ARGO-M. KASI operation system team performed software logic analysis and related operations for SLR observation with help of Graz SLR station in Austria. This paper describes the algorithm required for SLR operation based on the method in Graz station. We figured out the essential logic for SLR operation and the remedy for the observation quality enhancement through this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1990

This is a geodetic study on the the shoreline changes occurred by the facilities constructed in the beach. There are emperical, hydrological and numerical methods in predicting of the shorline changes. Numerical method is the most suitable method in the field of geodesy. There are many predicting models. This study adopted one-line model because it has a few hydrological factor and simplify the natural phenomena. This study established the ideal seawall boundary condition, applied the explicit model and the implicit model in the Dongsan harbour in East Sea, and could predict the optimum seawall position for protection of shore. The results are following ; Seawall protect shore of which input angle of wave is below 20$^\circ$, a ratio of wave height bleak/line does not effect in shoreline changes. The implicit model is accuracy but can not predict longtime change. But the explicit model is the opposite of the implicit model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

For several years, although the demand of high accuracy kinematic positing using multiple bases has been increased, most of the commercial GPS processing softwares can provide the single-baseline solutions only. Thus, we studied the methods to improve the accuracy of the kinematic positioning using the network configuration based on the several single-baseline solutions. As discussed in this study, the positioning accuracy as well as the network stability is improved by introducing the geodetic network adjustment theories into the kinematic positioning application. Three different methods to remove the rank-deficiency, RLESS, BLIMPBE and SCLESS, are analyzed in this study. The 3D RMS error has been improved from 3.5cm(max) to 2.1cm using the network-based kinematic positioning, and it is desired to choose BLIMPBE and SCLESS depending on the accuracy of the base stations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.364-370
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• 2011

This paper propose a novel method for tracking moving object based on covariance matrix and Riemannian Manifolds. With image backgrounds continuously changed, we use the covariance matrices to extract features for tracking nonrigid object undergoing transformation and deformation. The covariance matrix can make fusion of different types of features and has its small dimension, therefore we enable to handle the spatial and statistical properties as well as the component correlation. The proposed method can estimate the position of the moving object by employing the covariance matrix of object region as a feature vector and comparing the candidate regions. Rimannian Geometry is efficiently adapted to object deformation and change of shape and improve the accuracy by using geodesic distance to predict the estimated position with the minimum distance. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method correctly tracked the moving object.