• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.674-684
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute listening to music on the cardiovascular reactivity to sympathoexcitation. In this crossover design study, 15 healthy adults(23.1±1.94(yrs) were randomized to either (1)acute listen to the subject's preferred music for 30 minutes and (2)sat as a time control by an experiment coordinator. After completing each trial, the cold pressor test(CPT) was conducted. Heart rate(HR) and blood pressure(BP) were measured for 4 times at baseline, during and after the CPT. Heart rate variability(HRV) were measured for 3 times at baseline, prior and after the CPT. HR and BP increased during the CPT in both trial and returned to baseline after CPT(time effect, p < .001). After CPT, brachial systolic BP reactivity to the CPT was attenuated in listening to music trial compared to control trial(p = . 008). As a result of heart rate variability(HRV), the difference values between the baseline and prior to the CPT showed a significant increase in standard deviation of the NN intervals(SDNN), total power(TP) and high frequency(HF) only in the music trial (p = .001, p = .002, p = .011). The difference value between prior to and after the CPT did not show significance. But compared with the control trial, the music trial was confirmed that SDNN, TP and HF were more activated. Therefore, listening to music alleviated anxiety and tension before the CPT, and it is estimated that it had a favorable effect on stability after the CPT. This findings showed that listening to music may have a positive effect on brachial systolic BP and HRV to sympathoexcitation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.685-698
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify binge-eating behavior and food addiction in Korean population and to determine their associations with obesity, eating behaviors, mental health and cognitive characteristics. We collected clinical questionnaire scores related to eating problems (e.g. binge eating, food addiction, food cravings), mental health (e.g. depression), and cognitive functions (e.g. impulsivity, emotion regulation) in 257 Korean adults in the normal and the obese weight ranges. Binge-eating and food addiction were most frequent in obese women (binge-eating: 46.6%, food addiction: 29.3%) when we divided the participants into 4 groups depending on gender and obesity status. The independence test using the data with propensity score matching confirmed that binge-eating and food addiction were more prevalent in obese individuals. Finally, we constructed the logistic regression models using forward selection method to evaluate the influence of various clinical questionnaire scores on binge-eating and food addiction respectively. Binge-eating was significantly associated with the clinical scales of eating disorders, food craving, state anxiety, and emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) as well as food addiction. Food addiction demonstrated the significant effect of food craving, binge-eating, the interaction of obesity and age, and years of education. In conclusion, we found that binge-eating and food addiction are much more frequent in females and obese individuals. Both binge-eating and food addiction commonly involved eating problems (e.g. food craving), but there was difference in mental health and cognitive risk factors. Therefore, it is required to distinguish food addiction from binge-eating and investigate intrinsic and environmental risk factors for each pathology.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.484-497
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• 2024

Neonicotinoid pesticides, widely used worldwide as potent insecticides, have been found to have detrimental effects on the environment and living organisms due to their persistent residues. This study aimed to investigate the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid, and clothianidin, focusing on their impact on honey bee toxicity and foliar residue levels. Alfalfa was selected as control crop while bell peppers, and cucumbers were chosen as representative application crops, respectively. The investigation involved comparing the toxicity and foliar residue levels resulting from soil and foliar treatments, with a focus on identifying potential shortcomings in conventional foliar residue toxicity testing methods. Imidacloprid and clothianidin were applied to crops or soil at recommended rates and through irrigation. The honey bee mortality rate (RT₂₅) over time was determined, and pesticide residues on leaves were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that foliar treatment with imidacloprid on alfalfa resulted in an RT₂₅ of less than 1 day, with residues ranging from 1.07 to 19.27 mg/kg. In contrast, application on bell peppers showed RT₂₅ within 9 days, with residues ranging from 1.00 to 45.10 mg/kg. Clothianidin foliar treatment displayed RT₂₅ within 10 days on alfalfa, with residues between 0.61 and 2.57 mg/kg. On bell peppers, RT₂₅ was within 28 days, with residues ranging from 0.13 to 2.85 mg/kg. Soil treatment with imidacloprid and clothianidin in alfalfa exhibited minimal impact on honey bees and residues of 0.05 to 0.37 mg/kg. However, in applied crops, imidacloprid showed RT₂₅ within 28 days and residues ranging from 4.47 to 130.43 mg/kg, while clothianidin exhibited RT₂₅ within 35 days and residues between 5.96 and 42.32 mg/kg. In conclusion, when comparing honey bee toxicity and foliar residues among crops, application crops had a more significant impact on honey bee mortality and higher residue levels compared to control crops. Moreover, soil treatment for application crops resulted in higher RT₂₅ and residue levels compared to foliar treatment. Therefore, to ensure pesticide safety and environmental sustainability, diverse research approaches considering different crops and application methods are necessary for the safety assessment of imidacloprid and clothianidin.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1309-1321
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• 2023

This study was conducted by dividing L-arginine intake group (n=14) and placebo group (n=14) to investigate the effect of L-arginine intake on athletic performance, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and ammonia of men's college Taekwondo Kyorugi players during 8-week of intensive winter training. The L-arginine intake group consumed a total of 3 g, including 1 g for breakfast, 1 g for lunch, and 1 g for dinner, and the placebo group consumed maltodextrin in the same way. The 8-week winter training program was conducted at 70-90%HRR (heart rate reserve). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for the interaction between the L-arginine intake group and the placebo group of the measured data, paired t-test was used for the difference between the periods within the group, and the difference between groups was analyzed using independent t-test. As a result, there was an interaction between groups in the average number of kicks among the performance ability through the TAAA (Taekwondo-specific aerobic anaerobic agility) test , and the main effect between groups was shown (p<.05). In addition, there was an interaction between groups and time in the kick fatigue index (p<.05). In lactate, the time-interaction were shown (p<.05) and interaction effects and inter-time main effects were observed in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)(p<.05). In the case of ammonia, the interaction effect between the group and time was shown (p<.05). These results show that L-arginine intake can play a positive role in quickly synthesizing nitric oxide in blood vessels and expanding blood vessels to quickly remove fatigue-causing substances in the body for athletes who are easily exposed to fatigue after high-intensity training for male college Taekwondo Kyorugi players. Therefore, it is recommended to take L-arginine as a way to improve the performance of high-intensity elite Taekwondo Kyorugi players and recover from fatigue.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2024

Smilax china is known for its excellent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. As a foundational study for applying the functionality of Smilax china extracts to cosmetics, it is necessory to investigate the concentration-dependent skin permation characteristics of the flavonoids in the extract, namely quercetin, catechin, and naringenin. Therefore, it serves as a crucial method for conducting this basic research on the functional aspects fo Smilax china extracts for cosmetic applications. This investigation focused on examining the percutaneous permeability characteristics of flavonoids originating from Smilax china. Applying Marzulli's definition, the Kp value of quercetin was categorized as "fast" at 0.1 mg/mL and "moderate" at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL. Notably, the permeation rate exhibited a decline with increasing concentration. For naringenin, Flux values were 0.69, 1.07, and 1.42 ㎍/hr/cm² at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding Kp values of 6.95, 5.34, and 3.56. Naringenin's Kp value fell into the "moderate" category across all concentrations, and as observed with quercetin, the permeation rate decreased with higher concentrations. Likewise, for catechin, Flux values were 0.75, 1.09, and 1.66 ㎍/hr/cm², and corresponding Kp values were 7.55, 5.46, and 4.16. Catechin's Kp value was consistently classified as "moderate" across all concentrations. The efficacy of quercetin, catechin, and naringenin, active ingredients in high-performance and anti-inflammatory Smilax china extracts, was found to exhibit skin penetration properties above the average. This confirms their suitability as excellent natural materials for use in functional cosmetics, given their outstanding capabilities in preventing acne and reducing inflammation.

• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.276-286
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• 2024

Since the Paris Agreement and the surge in global interest in climate change, the importance of measuring and managing national-level resource productivity has steadily grown. However, concerns about the reliability of productivity indicators persist due to inherent uncertainties. This study estimated the metal and non-metal resource productivities of 38 OECD countries through multiple regression analysis and conducted a comparative analysis of their ranking changes according to their current resource productivities. The study results revealed that the 38 OECD countries could be classified into four categories. First, countries with low overall resource productivities due to a high economic dependence on low-value metal resources by weight exhibited a substantial rise in their non-metal resource productivity rankings. Second, countries that have minimal metal industries in their national economies but generate high value-added from these sectors showed a notable increase in their metal resource productivity rankings. Third, countries with a low proportion of metal industry in their economies and low metal resource productivities experienced significant declines in their metal resource productivity rankings. Fourth, countries with a small disparity between their metal and non-metal resource productivities showed minimal changes in their rankings for both categories. These results highlight that changes in metal resource productivity rankings were more pronounced than those for non-metal resources, which implies that the influence of non-metal resources (biomass, fossil fuels, non-metallic minerals) dominates national-level resource productivity because their economic value is higher than metal resources. These findings suggest that it is necessary to manage the economic value of each resource type as distinct statistical data to provide a more nuanced understanding of national resource productivity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to suggest evaluation items and standards for diagnosing the growth status of protected trees designated and managed by the Korea Forest Service. The research results are as follows. First, based on the Cultural Heritage Administration's standards for evaluating the growth status of old trees, which are natural monuments, and related data, items related to the 'growth status of the above-ground part' of the trees were revised and supplemented. Simultaneously new items such as 'location', 'usability', 'artificial cover rate within the crown width', 'soil physical properties', and 'soil chemical properties' were discovered. By combining these items, six items were derived to evaluate the growth status of protected trees. Second, evaluation items made through visual inspection, such as 'tree vigor' and 'leaf color' in the 'growth status of the above-ground part', were replaced with quantifiable items such as measuring the electrical resistance value of the cambium or chlorophyll content. Third, 'artificial cover rate within crown width' was introduced as an item to evaluate the growth environment, and classification criteria for 'soil physical properties' and 'chemical properties' were presented. Fourth, a method to evaluate the health of protected trees was specified by combining 10 above-ground growth conditions, 3 growth environments, and 8 soil environment items. In addition, a record format for diagnosing the growth status was shaped up. The significance of this study is that it proposed an evaluation and recording method for protected trees, which do not have an evaluation system compared to natural monuments, but there were limitations in developing a method that takes into account the importance of each evaluation item. In order to overcome these, research should be conducted to evaluate effectiveness for each item and to replace qualitative evaluation of trees with quantitative evaluation based on scientific data.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2024

This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of the extracts from the human body contact area of the test substance during a test on the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), which is the medical device safety evaluation standard, using the extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) cartridge as a sample, using L-929 cells. The test and control substances were extracted with 1xMEM culture medium containing 10% FBS at 37±1℃ for 24±2 hours. The test substance extract (test group), negative control substance extract (negative control group), positive control substance extract (positive control group), and blank test solution extract (solvent control group) were applied to L929 cells and cultured for 48±2 hours in a 37±1℃, 5±1% CO2 incubator. As a result of observing cell reactions under a microscope, the cells to which the blank test solution extract and negative control substance extract were applied were grade 0, the cells to which the positive control substance extract was applied were grade 4, and the cells to which the test substance extract was applied were grade 0. As a result of quantitative evaluation through cell counting, the cell viability rate of the cells to which the negative control substance extract was applied was 106.28% compared to the blank test solution extract, the cells to which the positive control substance extract was applied were 0.00%, and the cells to which the test substance extract was applied were 99.58%. Therefore, when the results of the negative and positive control groups were confirmed, the test process was appropriate, and it was determined that it did not cause cytotoxicity because the qualitative evaluation method was less than grade 2 and the quantitative evaluation method showed a cell viability rate of more than 70%.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2010

Purpose: In nuclear medicine study, there are two methods, preset count method and preset time method, to acquire static images. We usually use preset count method for static image in $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan, but occasionally use preset time method. In case of using preset count method, we always acquire same counts but it causes a difference of scan time. In case of using preset time method, it takes same scan time to acquire images but it causes different counts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate any differences of function and formal information in both kidney by acquisition counts Materials and Methods: From January 11, 2010 to March 31, 2010, we analyzed the 30 patients (M: 11, W: 19). who were examined by $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA scan and have one side of functioning kidney relatively between 40~60%. And the patients who have cold and hot region in image were analyzed but we did not accept images of patients when it was hard to divide kidney into cortex. There was no division between subjects and age of subjects is $14.83{\pm}22.07$ old. We used the BrightView gamma camera from PHILIPS. To analyze function and formal of kidney, we used JET stream release 3.0 version from PHILIPS. Using SPSS 12.0 program, we compared descriptive statistics and paired T-test. Images were acquired sequentially in the same parameters, but there are three methods which different from acquisition time and scan time, 100 kcounts, 300 kcounts and 7 minutes method (exceed 300 kcounts). To assess function and formal information of kidney, we measured renal relative function, geometric mean and size of kidney and analyzed each difference. Results: In case of renal relative function in both kidney, 100 kcounts method was $50.52{\pm}3.64%$. 300 kcounts method was $50.38{\pm}3.66%$ and 7 minutes method was $49.91{\pm}3.40%$ and there were no statistical significant differences between each method. In case of geometric mean, 100 kcounts method was $50.08{\pm}3.25%$. 300 kcounts method was $49.89{\pm}3.40%$ and 7 minutes method was $49.91{\pm}3.24%$. And also, there were no statistical significant differences. When comparing size of kidney, 100 kcounts method was $8.23{\pm}1.96$ cm. 300 kcounts method was $8.12{\pm}1.90$ cm and 7 minutes method was $8.35{\pm}1.97$ cm. In case of right kidney, 100 kcounts method was $7.91{\pm}1.88$ cm. 300 kcounts method was $8.12{\pm}1.90$ cm and 7 minutes method was $8.25{\pm}1.96$ cm. From those values, we recognized that there were significant differences each method (p<0.05). Conclusion: From results of this study, there were no statistical differences in renal relative function and geometric mean by acquisition counts. However, in shape of kidney, the more acquisition counts are increasing, the more size of kidney is getting big. And there were statistical significant differences. Therefore, to perform reliable quantitative result, preset count method is more desirable than preset time method. Especially, in case of a follow-up test, if we use preset time method, it will cause differences of formal results in kidney due to acquisition counts each time we examine patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2010

Purpose: The X-ray attenuation coefficient based on CT images is used for attenuation correction in PET/CT. The polychromatic X-ray beam can introduce beam-hardening artifact on CT images. The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of dental metal prostheses in phantom and patients on apparent tracer activity measured with PET/CT when using CT attenuation correction. Materials and Methods: 40 normal patients (mean age $54{\pm}12$) was scanned between Jan and Feb 2010. NEMA(National Electrical Manufactures Association) PET $Phantom^{TM}$ (NU2-1994) was filled with $^{18}F$-FDG injected into the water that insert implant and metal prostheses dental cast. Region of interest were drawn in non-artifact region, bright steak artifact region and dark streak artifact region on the same transaxial CT and PET slices. Patients and phantom with dental metal prostheses and dental implant were evaluated the change rate of CT Number and $SUV_{mean}$ in PET/CT. A paired t-test was performed to compare the ratio and the difference of the calculated values. Results: In patients with dental metal prostheses, $SUV_{mean}$ was reduced 19.64% (p<0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the brightstreak artifact region whereas was increased 90.1% (p>0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the dark streak artifact region. In phantom with dental metal prostheses, $SUV_{mean}$ was reduced 18.1% (p<0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the bright streak artifact region whereas was increased 18.0% (p>0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the dark streak artifact region. In patients with dental implant, $SUV_{mean}$ was increased 19.1% (p<0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the bright streak artifact region whereas was increased 96.62% (p>0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the dark streak artifact region. In phantom with dental implant, $SUV_{mean}$ was increased 14.4% (p<0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the bright streak artifact region whereas was increased 7.0% (p>0.05) in the non-steak artifact region than the dark streak artifact region. Conclusion: When CT is used for attenuation correction in patients with dental metal prostheses, 19.1% reduced $SUV_{mean}$ is anticipated in the dark streak artifact region on CT images. The dark streak artifacts of CT by dental metal prostheses may cause false negative finding in PET/CT. We recommend that the non-attenuation corrected PET images also be evaluated for clinical use.