Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology (한국응용과학기술학회지)

The Korean Society of Applied Science and Technology (한국응용과학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of Neonicotinoid Pesticides' Residual Toxicity to Honeybees Following or Foliage Treatment

네오니코티노이드계 농약의 사용방법에 따른 꿀벌엽상잔류 독성 평가

  • Jin Ho Kim (Department of Toxicology, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Chul-Han Bae (Hankooksamgong Co. Ltd.) ;
  • ChangYul Kim (Department of Toxicology, Daegu Catholic University)
  • 김진호 (대구가톨릭대학교 일반대학원 독성학과) ;
  • 배철한 (한국삼공) ;
  • 김창열 (대구가톨릭대학교 일반대학원 독성학과)
  • Received : 2024.03.19
  • Accepted : 2024.04.04
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Neonicotinoid pesticides, widely used worldwide as potent insecticides, have been found to have detrimental effects on the environment and living organisms due to their persistent residues. This study aimed to investigate the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid, and clothianidin, focusing on their impact on honey bee toxicity and foliar residue levels. Alfalfa was selected as control crop while bell peppers, and cucumbers were chosen as representative application crops, respectively. The investigation involved comparing the toxicity and foliar residue levels resulting from soil and foliar treatments, with a focus on identifying potential shortcomings in conventional foliar residue toxicity testing methods. Imidacloprid and clothianidin were applied to crops or soil at recommended rates and through irrigation. The honey bee mortality rate (RT25) over time was determined, and pesticide residues on leaves were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that foliar treatment with imidacloprid on alfalfa resulted in an RT25 of less than 1 day, with residues ranging from 1.07 to 19.27 mg/kg. In contrast, application on bell peppers showed RT25 within 9 days, with residues ranging from 1.00 to 45.10 mg/kg. Clothianidin foliar treatment displayed RT25 within 10 days on alfalfa, with residues between 0.61 and 2.57 mg/kg. On bell peppers, RT25 was within 28 days, with residues ranging from 0.13 to 2.85 mg/kg. Soil treatment with imidacloprid and clothianidin in alfalfa exhibited minimal impact on honey bees and residues of 0.05 to 0.37 mg/kg. However, in applied crops, imidacloprid showed RT25 within 28 days and residues ranging from 4.47 to 130.43 mg/kg, while clothianidin exhibited RT25 within 35 days and residues between 5.96 and 42.32 mg/kg. In conclusion, when comparing honey bee toxicity and foliar residues among crops, application crops had a more significant impact on honey bee mortality and higher residue levels compared to control crops. Moreover, soil treatment for application crops resulted in higher RT25 and residue levels compared to foliar treatment. Therefore, to ensure pesticide safety and environmental sustainability, diverse research approaches considering different crops and application methods are necessary for the safety assessment of imidacloprid and clothianidin.

네오니코티노이드계 농약은 전세계적으로 사용되는 강력한 살충제이지만 환경, 생물에 잔류하여 악영향을 미치고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 네오니코티노이드계 농약인 imidacloprid와 clothianidin이 공시작물인 알팔파와 적용작물로 고추와 오이를 선정하여 토양처리 및 경엽처리에 따른 꿀벌 독성과 엽상 잔류량을 비교하여 기존 엽상잔류독성시험법의 문제점을 확인하고자 하였다. Imidacloprid와 clothianidin을 작물 또는 토양에 권장량 및 배수로 처리하고 시간에 따른 꿀벌의 치사율에 대한 RT25를 확인하고 잎의 잔류 농약을 HPLC로 측정하였다. 그 결과 경엽처리하였을 때 imidacloprid은 공시작물 RT25가 1일 이하, 잔류량은 1.07 ~ 19.27 mg/kg이나 적용작물은 RT25가 9일 이하, 잔류량은 1.00 ~ 45.10 mg/kg 수준이었다. clothianidin은 공시작물 RT25가 10일 이하, 잔류량은 0.61 ~ 2.57 mg/kg이나 적용작물은 RT25가 28일 이하, 잔류량은 0.13 ~ 2.85 mg/kg 수준이었다. 토양처리했을 때 imidacloprid와 clothianidin은 공시작물에서는 꿀벌에 영향을 미치지 않았으며 잔류량은 0.05 ~ 0.37 mg/kg 수준이었으나, 적용작물에서는 imidacloprid은 RT25가 28일 이하였고 잔류량은 4.47 ~ 130.43 mg/kg 수준이었고, clothianidin은 RT25가 35일 이하였고, 잔류량은 5.96 ~ 42.32 mg/kg 수준이었다. 결론적으로 꿀벌 독성과 엽상 잔류량을 작물간 비교하였을 때 공시작물 보다 적용작물이 꿀벌의 치사율에 많은 영향을 미치고 잔류량도 높게 나타났고, 처리방법에 따라 비교하였을 때 적용작물에 대한 토양처리가 경엽처리에 비해 높은 RT25와 잔류량이 나타났다. 따라서 농약안전성 확보를 위해 제시된 시험법이 실제 적용작물과 농약 처리방법에 따라 차이가 있을 수 있어 imidacloprid와 clothianidin의 안전성 평가를 위하여 다양한 경로의 연구가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. SG Potts, JC Biesmeijer, C Kremen, P Neumann, O Schweiger, WE Kunin. "Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers", Trends Ecol. Evol. Vol 25, No.6 pp. 345-353. (2010).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
  2. V Patel, N Pauli, E Biggs, L Barbour, B Boruff, "Why bees are critical for achieving sustainable development", Ambio, Vol 50, No.1 pp. 49-59, (2021).  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01333-9
  3. SAM Khalifa, EH Elshafiey, AA. Shetaia, AAAEl-Wahed, AF Algethami, SG Musharraf, MF AlAjmi, C Zhao, SHD Masry, MMA-Daim,10 MF Halabi, G Kai, YA Naggar, M Bishr, MAM Diab, HRE Seedi, "Overview of Bee Pollination and Its Economic Value for Crop Production", Insects, Vol 12, No.8 pp. 688. (2021). 
  4. HJ Yoon, KY Lee, YB Lee, MY Lee, K Sankar, JD Park, "Current Status of Insect Pollinators Use for Horticultural Crops in Korea", Journal of Apiculture, Vol 36, No.3, pp. 111-123, (2021).  https://doi.org/10.17519/apiculture.2021.09.36.3.111
  5. SG Potts, VI Fonseca, HT Ngo, MA Aizen, JC Biesmeijer, TD Breeze, LV Dicks, LA Garibaldi, R Hill, J Settele, AJ Vanbergen, "Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being", Nature, Vol 540, No. 7632, pp. 220-229, (2016).  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588
  6. R Brodschneider, K Crailsheim, "Nutrition and health in honey bees" Apidologie, Vol 41, pp. 278-294, (2010).  https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010012
  7. C Bae, K Cho, Y Kim, H Park, K Shin, Y Park, K Lee, "Honeybee Toxicity by Residues on Tomato Foliage of Systemic Insecticides Applied to the Soil", Korean J. Pestic Sci. Vol 17, No. 3, pp. 178-184, (2013).  https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2013.17.3.178
  8. Daejeon Regional Office of Meteorology, "e- whether you" Vol 28. (2022). 
  9. A Brandt, A Gorenflo, R Siede, M Meixner, R Buchler, "The neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin affect the immunocompetence of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)", J Insect Physiol, Vol 86, pp. 40-47, (2016).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.001
  10. K Ahn, M Oh, H Ahn, C Yoon, G Kim, "Evaluation of Toxicity of Pesticides against Honeybee (Apis mellitera) and Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris)", Korean J. Pestic Sci. Vol 12, No.4, pp. 382-390, (2008). 
  11. Rural Development Administration. "Registration standards for pesticides and raw materials in law" (2022). 
  12. D Goulson, E Nicholls, C Botias, EL Rotheray. "Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers", Science, Vol 347 pp. 1255957, (2015). 
  13. GD Prisco, V Cavaliere, D Annoscia, P Varricchio, E Caprio, F Nazzi, G Gargiulo, F Pennacchio, "Neonicotinoid clothianidin adversely affects insect immunity and promotes replication of a viral pathogen in honey bees", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Vol 110, pp. 18466-18471, (2013).  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314923110
  14. United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 850.3030, Honey Bee Toxicity of Residues on Foliage", (2012). 
  15. Pesticide Properties Data Base, IUPAC agrochemical information, http://agrochmicals.iupac.org.(accessed 1. November 2020) 
  16. HY Kwon, TK Kim, SM Hong, CS Kim, MK Baeck, DH Kim, KA, Son. "Removal of Pesticide Residues in Field-sprayed Leafy Vegetables by Different Washing Method", Korean J. Pestic Sci. Vol 17, No.4, pp. 237-243, (2013).  https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2013.17.4.237
  17. SK Min, CH Bae, YS Kim, CH Song, SB Koh, YK Park, "Foliage Residual Toxicity to Honeybee on Pepper and Cucumber Foliage of Systemic Insecticides by Root Uptake Into Crops", Korean J. Pestic Sci. Vol 23, No.1, pp. 8-16, (2019).  https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2018.23.1.8
  18. HW Jeon, SM Hong, JW Hyun, RY Hwang, HY Kwon, TK Kim, NJ Cho, "Deposit Amounts of Dithianone on Citrus leaves by Different Spray Methods" Korean J. Pestic Sci. Vol 20, No.1, pp. 1-6, (2016). https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2016.20.1.1