• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.395-401
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• 2009

The smectite-illite (SI) reaction is a ubiquitous process in siliciclastic sedimentary environments. For the last 4 decades the importance of smectite to illite (S-I) reaction was described in research papers and reports, as the degree of the (S-I) reaction, termed "smectite illitization", is linked to the exploration of hydrocarbons, and geochemical/petrophysical indicators. The S-I transformation has been thought that the reaction, explained either by layer-by-layer mechanism in the solid state or dissolution/reprecipitation process, was entirely abiotic and to require burial, heat, and time to proceed, however few studies have taken into account the bacterial activity. Recent laboratory studies showed evidence suggesting that the structural ferric iron (Fe(III)) in clay minerals can be reduced by microbial activity and the role of microorganisms is to link organic matter oxidation to metal reduction, resulting in the S-I transformation. In abiotic systems, elevated temperatures are typically used in laboratory experiments to accelerate the smectite to illite reaction in order to compensate for a long geological time in nature. However, in biotic systems, bacteria may catalyze the reaction and elevated temperature or prolonged time may not be necessary. Despite the important role of microbe in S-I reaction, factors that control the reaction mechanism are not clearly addressed yet. This paper, therefore, overviews the current status of microbially mediated smectite-to-illite reaction studies and characterization techniques.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02b
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• pp.155.2-155.2
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• 2009

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.94-98
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• 2005

강변여과방식의 시험 취수가 진행 중에 있는 범람원지역의 산화-환원 반응을 밝히기 위해 10개의 간이 관측정을 설치하여 수질 모니터링을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 하천수에 인접한 지역에서 강한 환원환경이 생성되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 하천수 내 용존 유기 탄소가 인근 범람원 지역에 퇴적 산화되어 나타난 결과였다. 즉 퇴적된 용존 유기 탄소가 감소하면서 용존 산소와 질산성 질소는 감소시키지만, 이러한 환경변화가 수처리 시 문제가 될 수 있는 용존 망간의 농도를 증가시키게 되며, 따라서 향후 이 지역에 대한 추가적인 분석과 함께 집수정으로 통해 유출되는 용존 망간에 대한 대책이 필요한 것으로 조사되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.437-440
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• 1985

Organic azides were reduced to organic amines in the presence of tetracarbonylhydridoferrate(O) as a highly selective reducing agent at room temperature under carbon monoxide atmosphere. Particularly, benzoylazide gave ethylphenylcarbamate at room temperature but gave benzamide quantitatively at -40$^{\circ}$ in the presence of tetracarbonylhydridoferrate under carbon monoxide atmosphere.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1999

Converter slag was reduced and modified by the simultaneous addition of carbon and waste foundry sand as a $SiO_2$ source. The basic properties such as phase distribution, composition, specific density, hardness. absorption of water and compressive strength of modified slags were measured. The Iron recovery was significantly affected by the basicity of slag. The properties of slow cooled-modified slags of basicity 1.34 arc very similar to the natural aggregates.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.279-287
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• 2011

In order to identify if bacteria surviving in soils and groundwater can change the oxidation/reduction potential of groundwater, Eh values of solution that contained bacteria were measured for 2 weeks. The Eh values of the solution reacted with sulfate-reducing bacteria decreased from -120 mV to -500 mV in 5 days, and $Desulfuricans$ was superior to $Vulgaris$ in reducing the solution. The Eh value was relatively higher for the solution containing $Shewanella$, iron-reducing bacteria, showing -400 mV. During the Eh decrease by the metal-reducing bacteria, a sulfide mineral such as mackinawite (FeS) started precipitating through the microbial reducing process for sulfate and ferric iron. These results show that the ORP of natrual groundwater may be sensitive to the geomicrobial respiration. In addition, a subsurface environment where groundwater is highly reduced and sulfide minerals are largely biogenerated may be a good place to retard the migration of oxidized radionu-clides by making them precipitated as reduced forms.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2008

Current soil remediation principles for toxic metals have some limitations even though they vary with different technologies. An alternative technology that transforms hazardous substances into nonhazardous ones would be environmentally beneficial. Objective of this research was to assess optimum conditions for Cr(VI) reduction in soils as influenced by ZVI(Zero-Valent Iron), organic matter and moisture content. The reduction ratio of Cr(VI) was increased from 37 to 40% as organic matter content increased from 1.07 to 1.75%. In addition, Cr(VI) concentration was reduced as soil moisture content increased, but the direct effect of soil moisture content on Cr(VI) reduction was less than 5% of the Cr(VI) reduction ratio. However, combined treatment of ZVI(5%), organic matter(1.75%) and soil moisture(30%) effectively reduced the initial Cr(VI) to over 95% within 5 days and nearly 100% after 30 days by increasing oxidation of ZVI and concurrent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The overall results demonstrated that ZVI was effective in remediating Cr(VI) contaminated soils, and the efficiency was synergistic with the combined treatments of soil moisture and organic matter.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 1988

대부분의 기계장치는 철을 주재료로 하여 만들어진다. 철은 본래 순수 금속으로서는 존재하지 않고 주로 다른 원소와 결합하여 산화물로 존재한다. 철 산화물이나 철광석을 재련하면 순수금속(free metal)이 얻어지는데 성능을 개량하기 위해 소량의 다른 원소를 첨가하게 된다. 그러나 금속철을 철산화물로 되돌리려는 자연의 힘이 막강하여 유용한 금속이 못쓰게 된다. 이는 마치 인간이 철광석에서 유용한 금속을 만들어내는 것을 자연이 다시 환원시켜 인간의 성공에 반항하는 것 같다. 미국에서만 매년 철 종류의 부식에 대처하기 위해 사용되는 물질이 60억달러 이상 소요되는 것으로 추산되고 있으며 철 종류 50톤중 1톤이 매년 산화물인 녹으로 바뀌어 지고 있는 실정이다.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2018

EAF (Electric arc furnace) dust is an important secondary resource such as zinc, lead, and iron. Recycling of EAF dust is benefit to solving disposal and environmental problems caused by the heavy metals entrained in the dust. In this study, pyrometallurgical treatment technology of EAF dust reviewed for the improvement of conventional process and development of new process. The existing technologies categorized into four groups: those by rotary kiln process, rotary hearth furnace (RHF) process, shaft type process, and reduction smelting process. The product of these processes are ZnO and Fe or slag as a waste. Their mechanisms for the production of ZnO from EAF dust were carbothermic reduction and oxidation of zinc gas with air.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.22-29
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• 2014

Recycling process of iron should be developed for efficient recovery of neodymium (Nd), rare metal, from acid-leaching solution of Nd magnet. In this study, $FeCl_3$ solution as iron source was used for preparation of iron nano particles with the condition of various factors, such as, reductant, and surfactant. $Na_4P_2O_7$ and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactants, $NaBH_4$ as reductant, and palladium chloride ($PdCl_2$) as a nucleation seed were used. Iron powder was analyzed by using XRD, SEM for measuring shape and size. Iron nano particles were prepared at the ratio of 1:5 (Fe (III) : $NaBH_4$). Size and shape of iron particles were round-form and 50 ~ 100 nm size. Zeta-potential of iron at the 100 mg/L of $Na_4P_2O_7$ was negative value, which was good for dispersion of metal particle. When $Na_4P_2O_7$ (100 mg/L), PVP($FeCl_3:PVP$ = 1 : 4, w/w) and Pd($FeCl_3:PdCl_2$ = 1 : 0.001, w/w) were used, iron nano particles which were round-shape, well-dispersed and near 100 nm-sized range. In this condition, $FeCl_3$ solution changed with spent Nd leachate solution, and then it is possible to be made round-formed iron nano particles at pH 9 and at the reaction bath over 20 L which is not include any surfactant.