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Physiological Characteristics of Anticoagulant Fractions from Eugenia caryophyllata (정향으로부터 추출한 항응고활성 획분의 기능적 특성)

  • 이종임;이현순;전우진;유광원;신동훈;홍범식;조홍연;양한철
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.712-718
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    • 2000
  • The alkali extraction of anticoagulant from a clove revealed 3-to 6-fold more effective than hot-water extraction. The highest anticoagulant activity was found with 0.1 N NaOH at 7$0^{\circ}C$. The anticoagulant fractions from a clove, EC-2B and EC-2C were separated by alkali extraction, ethanol precipitation, cetavlon treatment, and ultrafiltration. The anticoagulant activities of these two fractions were, respectively, 6.57 and 8.63 times higher than those extracted with hot-water. As of the sensory evaluation, boiled pork added with EC-2B fraction revealed similar sensory acceptability to raw clove material, while EC-2C fraction had low sensory acceptability due to a mild chemical odor. Antibacterial characteristics against pathogenic microorganism of both fractions were confirmed in the control strain. The inhibitory effect of growth by EC-2B was noticed above 0.016% in S. aureus. Also, EC-2C showed the inhibitory effect at 0.004% in both E. cole and S. aureus control strains.

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A Study on the Variation of the Concentrations of Carbon Species and B(a)P Associated in Atmospheric Suspended Particles in an Urban Area of Seoul (서울지역 일부 대기중 부유먼지에 함유된 탄소 성분과 Benzo(a)pyrene 성분의 농도변동 양상에 관한 연구)

  • 황경철;김희강
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.91-96
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    • 1997
  • In order to investigate the behavior of particulate carbon and benzo(a)pyrene(B(a)P) in the ambient air, suspended particle matters were collected from April, 1990 to February, 1992, and total carbon(TC), organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and B(a)P were measured by an elemental analyzer and a HPLC. The results were as follows the average concentration of TC was 38.6 $\mug/m^3$ and its concentration was higher in winter(45.4 $\mug/m^3$) and fa11(44.3 $\mug/m^3$) than in summer(36.8 $\mug/m^3$) and spring(28.9 $\mug/m^3$). The monthly concentration trends both of EC and OC was similar, but seasonal variation of EC concentrations was larger than that of OC. The average concentration of B (a)P was 2.2 ng/m$^3$, and was higher in winter(4.1 ng/m$^3$) and fall(3.2 ng/m$^3$) than in spring(1.2 ng/m$^3$) and summer(0.6 ng/m$^3$). The seasonal behavior of carbon and B(a)P was to similar except for summer. The correlation coefficient(r) between EC and B(a)P was 0.71, and the correlation coefficient(r) between OC and B(a)P was 0.66.

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Effects of Light Intensity and Electrical Conductivity Level on Photosynthesis, Growth and Functional Material Contents of Lactuca indica L. 'Sunhyang' in Hydroponics (수경재배에서 광도와 양액 농도가 베이비 산채 왕고들빼기 '선향' 광합성과 생육 및 기능성 물질 함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jae Kyung;Jang, Dong Cheol;Kang, Ho Min;Nam, Ki Jung;Lee, Mun Haeng;Na, Jong Kuk;Choi, Ki Young
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2021
  • This study was conducted to examine the changes of photosynthesis, growth, chlorophyll contents and functional material contents in light intensity and EC concentration of wild baby leaf vegetable, Indian lettuce (Lactuca indica L. cv. 'Sunhyang') in DFT hydroponics. The cultivation environment was 25±1℃ of temperature and 60±5% of relative humidity in growth system. At 14 days after sowing, combination effect of light intensity (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD 100, 250, 500 µmol·m-2·s-1) and EC level (EC 0.8, 1.4, 2.0 dS·m-1) of nutrient solution was determined at the baby leaf stage. The photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of Indian lettuce increased as the light intensity increased. The photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency were highest in PPFD 500-EC 1.4 and PPFD 500-EC 2.0 treatment. The chlorophyll content decreased as the light intensity increased, but chlorophyll a/b ratio increased. Leaf water content and specific leaf area decreased as light intensity increased and a negative correlation (p < 0.001) was recognized. Plant height was the longest in PPFD 100-EC 0.8 and leaf number, fresh weight and dry weight were the highest in PPFD 500-EC 2.0. Anthocyanin and total phenolic compounds were the highest in PPFD 500-EC 1.4 and 2.0 treatment, and antioxidant scavenging ability (DPPH) was high in PPFD 250 and 500 treatments. Considering the growth and functional material contents, the proper light intensity and EC level for hydroponic cultivation of Indian lettuce is PPFD 500-EC 2.0, and PPFD 100 and 250, which are low light conditions, EC 0.8 is suitable for growth.

Hybrid Error Concealment Algorithm for Intra-Frame in H.264 (H.264의 인트라 프레임을 위한 하이브리드 에러 은닉 알고리즘)

  • Yim Chang-Hoon;Kim Won-Jung;Lim Hye-Sook
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.31 no.8C
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    • pp.777-785
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    • 2006
  • H.264 is the prominent video coding standard in various applications such as real-time video streaming and digital multimedia broadcasting, since it provides enhanced compression performance, error resilience tools, and network adaptation. Since compressed video stream is vulnerable to packet loss, error resilience and error concealment(EC) tools are essential for the transmission of video over the Internet. In this paper, we first propose a simple temporal EC method that improves the EC performance for intra-frame in H.264 when the amount of motion is relatively small. Then we propose a new hybrid EC method for intra-frame in H.264, which combines the spatial EC and temporal EC adaptively. The simulations are performed in packet-lossy environments, and the proposed hybrid EC method shows about 0.5-4dB PSNR improvement compared to the conventional spatial EC method that is used for intra-frame in H.264.

Hepatoprotective Constituents of Saururus chinensis Roots Against Tacrine-induced Cytotoxicity in Human Liver-derived Hep G2 Cells (삼백초근의 타크린으로 유발한 간 세포독성 보호 성분)

  • Jeong, Gil-Saeng;Li, Bin;Lee, Dong-Sung;Kwon, Ji-Wung;Lee, Hye-Suk;Kwon, Tae-Oh;Kim, Youn-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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    • v.38 no.2 s.149
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    • pp.176-180
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    • 2007
  • Five liglans, sauchinone (1), di-0-methyltetrahydrofuriguaiacin B (2), manassantin A (3), manassantin B (4) and saucerneol B (5), have been isolated from the MeOH extract of Saururus chinesis roots. The evaluation for protective effect of compounds 1-5 against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in human liver-derived Hep G2 cells was conducted. Compounds 1,2, and 5 showed significant protective effects with the EC$_{50}$ values of74.2${\pm}$0.9, 111.3${\pm}$0.8,64.3${\pm}$0.8 ${\mu}$M, respectively. Silybin, one of the well-known hepatoprotective agents, used as a positive control, and also showed protective effect with an EC$_{50}$ value of 86.2${\pm}$0.5 ${\mu}$M.

Kinetic Properties of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Tissues from Rana catesbeiana (황소개구리(Rana catesbeiana) 조직의 젖산탈수소효소의 역학적 특성)

  • Yum, Jung Joo;Ha, Eun Sung
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.118-127
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    • 2014
  • The kinetic properties and isozyme expression of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27; LDH) in tissues from Rana catesbeiana I and II collected from February (I) and August (II) were studied. LDH activities, A4 isozyme, and LDH/citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7; CS) were high in skeletal muscle from R. catesbeiana I, and LDH $B_4$ isozyme increased in several tissues of R. catesbeiana II. In particular, LDH activities were high in heart and brain tissues from R. catesbeiana II. LDH eye-specific C isozyme, detected by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation, was expressed in eye tissue and was more similar to the $B_4$ than $A_4$ isozyme. LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified by oxamate-linked affinity chromatography, and the molecular weight of subunit A was 32.0 kDa. In R. catesbeiana II, levels of $Km^{PYU}$, $Vmax^{LAC}$, and tolerance to lactate of LDH were high in all tissues, and $Vmax^{PYU}$ of LDH in heart and brain tissue was highly detected. Purified $A_4$ isozyme and LDH in eye tissue were highly tolerate compared to others. The $Km^{LAC}$ value was highly measured compared to $Km^{PYU}$. The degree of inhibition by 10 mM of pyruvate on LDH activities in tissues from R. catesbeiana I and II was more pronounced as the ratio of subunit B increased. As a result, characteristic expression of LDH eye-specific C was found in R. catesbeiana. Anaerobic metabolism seemed to predominate as the LDH of skeletal muscle from I showed higher activity. It also appeared that R. catesbeiana II adapted well to incremental increases in LDH B, becoming tolerant to the lactate of LDH in tissues.

Discharge Characteristics of Indicator Microorganisms from Agricultural-Forestry Watersheds (농지-임야에서 발생하는 지표미생물 유출 특성)

  • Kim, Geonha
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.28 no.1B
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    • pp.153-160
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    • 2008
  • To estimate microbial contaminant loading discharged from diffuse sources, rainfall runoff of six rainfall events were monitored at three study watersheds of forestry and agricultural land use. Monitored indicator microorganism constituents were total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), Escherichia coli (EC), and fecal streptococcus (FS). Soil loss during elevated flow rate caused higher suspended solid concentrations. Indicator microorganism concentrations were closely related with flow rate. TC event mean concentration (EMC) from unpolluted forestry was $5.3{\times}10^3CFU/100ml$, FC EMC was $1.4{\times}10^3CFU/100ml$, EC EMC was $1.1{\times}10^3CFU/100ml$, and FS EMC was $2.9{\times}10^2CFU/100ml$. From a watershed with agricultural-forestry land use, TC EMC was $1.7{\times}10^5CFU/100ml$, FC EMC was $8.5{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, EC EMC was $8.9{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, and FS EMC was $3.4{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$. Mixed land use of agricultural-forestry with bigger area, TC EMC was $1.9{\times}10^5CFU/100ml$, FC EMC was $9.6{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, EC EMC was $7.0{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, and FS EMC was $5.1{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$.

Monitoring for the Resistance of Botrytis cinerea Causing Gingseng Gray Mold to Procymidone and Its Multiple resistance with the Mixture of Carbendazim/Diethofencarb (인삼 잿빛곰팡이병균의 procymidone에 대한 감수성 변화와 carbendazim/diethofencarb 합제와의 다중 저항성)

  • Lee, Seon-Wook;Kim, Joo-Hyung;Min, Ji-Young;Bae, Young-Seok;Kim, Heung-Tae
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.170-176
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    • 2007
  • Effects of fungicides on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea isolated from ginseng leaves were investigated by an agar dilution method. By using a agar dilution method, it was investigated the effect of fungicides, procymidone, carbendazim and the mixture with both of carbendazim and diethofencarb, on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea isolates, which were isolated from infected leaves of ginseng in 2005 and 2006. With MIC (minimum inhibiton concentration) of procymidone against B. cinerea, pathogens were divided into two groups. While one showed the low MIC between 0.8 and $4.0{\mu}g/ml$, the other showed higher MIC above $20{\mu}g/ml$. In terms of the inhibition ratio of mycelial growth at the indicated concentration of procymidone, isolates of B. cinerea were divided into three groups; the sensitive, the intermediate resistant, and the resistant group. Each group was differentiated by $EC_{50}$; the sensitive group showed below $2.0{\mu}g/ml$, the intermediate resistant group between 2.0 to $5.0{\mu}g/ml$, and resistant group above $5.0{\mu}g/ml$. Compared with the ratio of resistant isolates of B. cinerea in 2005, the ratio in 2006 increased from 19.3% to 27.5%. Furthermore, the average $EC_{50}$ value of them increased from $10.0{\mu}g/ml$ in 2005 to $237.3{\mu}g/ml$ in 2006. The ratio of isolates showing the multiple resistance between procymidone and carbendazim was 40.2%, whereas the ratio was 4.0% showing the multiple resistance in the mixture.

Purification and Characterization of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes in Channa argus (가물치(Channa argus) 젖산탈수소효소 동위효소들의 정제 및 특성)

  • Park, Eun-Mi;Yum, Jung-Joo
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.260-268
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    • 2010
  • The lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozymes in tissues from Channa argus were purified and characterized by biochemical, immunochemical and kinetic methods. The activity of LDH in skeletal muscle was the highest at 380.4 units and those in heart, eye and brain tissues were 13.4, 3,5 and 5.4 units, respectively. Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7, CS) activity in heart tissue was the highest at 20.7 units. LDH/CS in skeletal muscle, heart, eye and brain tissues were 172.9, 0.6, 0.32 and 0.47. Protein concentration in skeletal muscle tissue was 14.7 mg/g and specific activities of LDH in skeletal muscle, heart, eye and brain tissues were 25.88, 0.79, 0.31 and 1.38 units/mg, respectively. Therefore, skeletal muscle tissue was anaerobic and heart tissue was aerobic. The LDH isozymes in tissues were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation and Western blot with antiserum against $A_4$, $B_4$, and eye-specific $C_4$. LDH $A_4$, $A_3B$, $A_2B_2$. $AB_3$ and $B_4$ isozymes were detected in every tissue, $C_4$, $AC_3$, $A_2C_2$ and $A_3C$ were detected in eye tissue, and $A_3C$ was found in brain tissue. LDH $A_4$, $A_3B$, $A_2B_2$, $AB_3$, $B_4$, eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes were purified by affinity chromatography and Preparative PAGE Cells. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified in the fraction from elution with $NAD^+$ containing buffer of affinity chromatography. Eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was eluted right after $A_4$, after which $B_4$ isozyme was eluted with plain buffer. As a result, one part of molecular structures in $A_4$, $B_4$ and eye-specific $C_4$ were similar, but were different from each other in $B_4$ and $C_4$. Therefore the subunit A may be conservative in evolution, and the evolution of subunit B seems to be faster than that of subunit A. The activity of LDH $A_4$, $A_2B_2$, $B_4$, and eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes remained at 39.98, 21.28, 19.67 and 16.87% as a result of the inhibition by 10 mM of pyruvate, so the degree of inhibition was very high. The $Km^{PYR}$ values were 0.17, 0.27 and 0.133 mM in $A_4$, $B_4$ and eye-specific $C_4$ isozymes, respectively. The optimum pH of LDH $A_4$, $B_4$, eye-specific $C_4$, $A_2B_2$, $A_3B$, and $AB_3$ were pH 6.5, pH 8.5, pH 5.5, pH 6.0-6.5, pH 5.0 and pH 7.5. The $A_4$ and heterotetramer isozymes stabilized a broad range of pH. Especially, LDH activities in skeletal muscle tissue were high, resulting in a high degree of muscle activity.LDH metabolism in eye tissue seems to be converted faster from pyruvate to lactate by eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme as eye-specific $C_4$ have the highest affinity for pyruvate, and right after the conversion, oxidation of lactate was induced by $A_4$ isozyme. It was found that expression of Ldh-C, affinity to substrate and reaction time of $C_4$ isozyme were different according to the ecological environmental and feeding capturing patterns.

Acute Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Environmental-friendly Organic Agro-materials Containing Pepper Extract, Cassia Oil, Lavender Oil for Control of Diamondbackmoth (배추좀나방 방제약제로서 후추 추출물, 카시아 오일, 라벤더 오일 함유 친환경유기농자재에 대한 급성 생태독성평가)

  • You, Are-Sun;Jeong, Mihye;Hong, Soon-Seong;Chang, Hee-Seop;Lee, Je Bong;Park, Kyung-Hun;Lee, Young Mook;Ihm, Yangbin
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.343-349
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    • 2013
  • Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for pepper extract and cassia oil (11.5+46%, A), pepper extract and cassia oil (23+34%, B), and pepper extract and lavender oil (40+10%, C). They are expected to prevent from pests especially diamondback moth, and can be used for agro-materials. Their formulation was emusifiable concentration (EC). Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Cyprinus carpio), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ value of A, B, and C to aquatic invertebrate were 0.46, 1.9, 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, the $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 1.9, 2.9, 3.8 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. A was category II in acute toxicity of fish and not acceptable to evaluation criteria of environment-friendly agro-materials. B and C were category III and acceptable. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to honeybee were conducted and the $LD_{50}$ of A, B, and C were > 100 ${\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. It indicated they were low toxic to honeybee. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 695, 988, and 564 mg $kg^{-1}$. In conclusion, pepper extract+cassia oil 57% EC and pepper extract+lavender oil 50% EC were expected to be used for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.