• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.28-34
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• 2014

Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is used for automatic transmissions in the vehicle as the characterized fluid. Recently, the vehicle manufacture usually guarantee for fluid change over 80000~100000 km mileage or no exchange, but most drivers usually change ATF below every 50000 km driving in Republic of Korea. It can cause to raise environmental contamination by used ATF and increase the cost of driving by frequently ATF change. In this study, we investigate the various physical properties such as flash point, fire point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, cold cranking simulator, total acid number, and metal component concentration for fresh and used ATF after driving (50000 km, 100000 km). The result showed that the total acid number, pour point, Fe, Al and Cu component had increased than fresh ATF, but 2 kind of used oil (50000 km and 100000km) had similar physical values and metal component concentration.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2013

The engine oil is used for lubrication of various internal combustion engines. Recently, the vehicle and engine oil manufacture usually guarantee for oil change over 15000~20000 km mileage, but the most of driver usually change engine oil every 5000 km driving in korea. It can cause to raise environmental contamination by used engine oil and increase the cost of driving by frequently oil change. In this study, we investigate the various physical properties such as flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, cold cranking simulator characteristics, total acid number, four-ball test and concentration of metal component for fresh engine oil and used engine oil after real vehicle driving (5000 km, 10000 km). The result showed that the total acid number, wear scar diameter by four-ball test, Fe and Cu had increased than fresh engine oil, but 2 kind of used oil (5000 km and 10000km) had similar physical values and concentration of metal component.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.396-410
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to quantify the contribution of high emitting vehicles to mobile emission inventories. Analyzed emission data include $NO_x$, HC, and CO results, which were measured through the vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program in Seoul metropolitan area. The high emitting vehicles were identified as the top 5% worst polluting cars of the fleet. We estimated that 5% of the gasoline passenger car fleet, which is high emitters, generated 25.5% of $NO_x$, 34.5% of HC, and 66.1% of CO emissions of total inventories for gasoline passenger car fleet in year 2010. In the study, we identified that the older vehicles (older than ten years) and high mileage vehicles (more than 120,000 km driven) comprised high emitter fleet with 70.9% and 71.2%, respectively. The emission contribution of high emitters became larger in younger fleet than in the older fleet. This is due to the reduced emission rates in newly manufactured vehicles, which were developed under the more stringent emission regulation limits. This analysis implies that high emitters could be responsible for an even larger fraction of total vehicular emissions as more advanced technology vehicles are being incorporated into the current vehicle fleet. The findings suggested that the high emitting vehicles should be primarily considered for in-use vehicle emission management program, such as I/M, accelerated vehicle retirement, or catalytic converter replacement, in order to enhance the effectiveness of selected program.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.10-17
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• 2000

현대 생활에서 대부분의 사람들은 90%이상을 실내(가정, 일반사무실, 실내작업장, 공공건물, 지하시설물, 상가, 음식점, 자동차, 지하철 등)에서 생활하기 때문에 실내공기질(indoor air quality)은 개인이 오염물질에 노출되는 주요한 요인이다. 이산화질소($NO_2$)는 고온의 연소과정에서 발생되는 부산물로써 차량, 발전소와 산업장 등에서 발생되고 있다. 실내에서 이산화질소의 농도는 가스레인지, 케로센(kerosene) 난방기, 흡연에 주로 영향을 받는다. $NO_2$는 호흡기 증상과 관련된 각종 질환을 유발시키는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 한국의 서울에서 직장인 95명의 시간활동도가 조사되었으며, 호주 브리스베인에서 직장인 57명의 시간활동도와 동시에 각 가정의 실내.외 및 직장의 $NO_2$ 농도를 측정하였다. 또한 개인 $NO_2$ 노출을 예상하여 각 도시의 빈도분포를 예상하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 보면 다음과 같다. 1. 서울의 95명의 직장인들은 실내에서 약 83.8%의 시간을 보냈으며, 브리스베인의 57명의 직장인들은 실내에서 약 88.3%의 시간을 보냈다. 2. 브리스베인에서 측정된 실내의 NO2 평균농도는 10.5ppb(${\pm}5.6$), 실외의 NO2 평균농도는 14.5ppb(${\pm}5.8$), 직장에서의 $NO_2$ 평균농도는 18.2ppb(${\pm}5.0$)였다. 개인의 $NO_2$ 노출은 평균 15.0ppb(${\pm}5.2$)였다. 개인의 $NO_2$ 노출은 실외의 $NO_2$ 농도(r=0.42)보다 실내의 $NO_2$ 농도(r=0.42)보다 실내의 NO2 농도(r=0.49)에 상관성이 더 높았다. 3. 시간 가중치 모델을 이용한 개인 $NO_2$ 노출은 측정된 개인 NO2 노출과 통계학적으로 상관성을 가지고 있었다(r=0.58). 예측된 개인 $NO_2$ 노출은 측정된 $NO_2$ 노출보다 낮게 나타났으며, 이것은 출퇴근 등에 의한 교통의 이동에 따른 노출 때문인 것으로 생각되었다. 4. $NO_2$ 농도 분포를 log-normal 분포, 시간활동도를 Normal 분포로 가정하고 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션을 했을 때 서울의 직장인의 개인 노출은 평균 36.7ppb(${\pm}10.9$)였으며, 브리스베인의 직장인의 개인 노출은 평균 13.7ppb(${\pm}4.1$)였다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.709-718
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• 2021

As regulations on environmental pollution of ships have been strengthened, interest in smart ships such as electric propulsion ships equipped with hybrid power systems is increasing. Since batteries used in electric propulsion ships have a larger capacity than batteries used in vehicles, the price is high and maintenance is considered important. The ship's battery is manufactured as an integral type and is managed by the battery management system, and the maintenance and repair of the battery is performed through the replacement of the battery. we design and implement a battery module and a control algorithm using pre-cell for easy battery management. In addition, a controller is designed to transmit the data necessary for the electric propulsion ship power system control to the power control system. When a battery to which the corresponding spare-cell is applied is used, the stability of the ship and the battery system is increased, and it can have an advantage in terms of maintenance and repair.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1972.03a
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• pp.6-7
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• 1972

The air pollutants can be classified into the irritant gas and the asphixation gas, and the irritant gas is closely related to the otorhinolaryngological diseases. The common irritant gases are nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen carbon compounds, and the potent and irritating PAN (peroxy acyl nitrate) which is secondarily liberated from photosynthesis. Those gases adhers to the mucous membrane to result in ulceration and secondary infection due to their potent oxidizing power. 1. Sulfur dioxide gas Sulfur dioxide gas has the typical characteristics of the air pollutants. Because of its high solubility it gets easily absorbed in the respiratory tract, when the symptoms and signs by irritation become manifested initially and later the resistance in the respiratory tract brings central about pulmonary edema and respiratory paralysis of origin. Chronic exposure to the gas leads to rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and olfactory or gustatory disturbances. 2. Carbon monoxide Toxicity of carbon monoxide is due to its deprivation of the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. The degree of the carbon monoxide intoxication varies according to its concentration and the duration of inhalation. It starts with headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus, which can progress to respiratory difficulty, muscular laxity, syncope, and coma leading to death. 3. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide causes respiratory disturbances by formation of methemoglobin. In acute poisoning, it can cause pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, and pneumonia due to its strong irritation on the eyes and the nose. In chronic poisoning, it causes chronic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary edema. 4. Ozone It has offending irritating odor, and causes dryness of na sopharyngolaryngeal mucosa, headache and depressed pulmonary function which may eventually lead to pulmonary congestion or edema. 5. Smog The most outstanding incident of the smog occurred in London from December 5 through 8, 1952, because of which the mortality of the respiratory diseases increased fourfold. The smog was thought to be due to the smoke produced by incomplete combustion and its byproduct the sulfur oxides, and the dust was thought to play the secondary role. In new sense, hazardous is the photochemical smog which is produced by combination of light energy and the hydrocarbons and oxidant in the air. The Yonsei University Institute for Environmental :pollution Research launched a project to determine the relationship between the pollution and the medical, ophthalmological and rhinopharyngological disorders. The students (469) of the "S" Technical School in the most heavily polluted area in Pusan (Uham Dong district) were compared with those (345) of "K" High School in the less polluted area. The investigated group had those with subjective symptoms twice as much as the control group, 22.6% (106) in investigated group and 11.3% (39) in the control group. Among those symptomatic students of the investigated group. There were 29 with respiratory symptoms (29%), 22 with eye symptoms (21%), 50 with stuffy nose and rhinorrhea (47%), and 5 with sore thorat (5%), which revealed that more than half the students (52%) had subjective symptoms of the rhinopharyngological aspects. Physical examination revealed that the investigated group had more number of students with signs than those of the control group by 10%, 180 (38.4%) versus 99 (28.8%). Among the preceding 180 students of the investigated group, there were 8 with eye diseases (44%), 1 with respiratory disease (0.6%), 97 with rhinitis (54%), and 74 with pharyngotonsillitis (41%) which means that 95% of them had rharygoical diseases. The preceding data revealed that the otolaryngological diseases are conspicuously outnumbered in the heavily polluted area, and that there must be very close relationship between the air pollution and the otolaryngological diseases, and the anti-pollution measure is urgently needed.

• 전기의세계
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.21-30
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• 1992

내연기관의 가솔린자동차보다 역사가 오래된 전기자동차는 상대적으로 주생성능과 가격 경쟁력의 열세로 그 자취를 감추었고 최근까지 주로 특수목적의 단거리 저속차량으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 1890년대 후반부터 전세계가 자동차배기가스에 의한 대기오염과 지구온난화 현상등의 문제를 심각하게 공감하게 되었고 마침내 미국 캘리포니아주에서는 전가자동차의 강제판매를 규정화하게 이르렀다. 이 규정에 의하면 1998년도부터 차량 판매대수의 2%를 전기자동차 판매로 강제요구하고 있다. 이 비율은 2000녀도에 5% 2003년에는 10%로 늘어날 계획이다. 따라서 미국에 많은 자동차를 수출하고 있는 일본, 독일 및 여러 유럽국가에서는 이 사업에 막대한 자금을 투자하며 개발에 몰두하고 있다. 미국의 Big3도 에너지성의 도움으로 최근 USABC를 결성하여 전기자동차 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 지금까지 기존의 가솔린자동차 기술에 있어서 일본과 독일에 상대적 열세에 있었던 미국도 이번 캘리포니아주의 전기자동차 강제판매 규정에 따른 전기자동차 사업으로 미국자동차 시장의 새로운 판도를 조성하겠다는 의도인듯하다. 국내에서도 정부가 이 사업의 중요성을 심각히 인식하고 G7사업과제의 하나로 선정하여 산, 학, 연 각층의 전문가가 참여하여 성공적으로 개발을 마칠 수 있도록 적극 지원하고 있다. 지금까지의 평균주행성능을 보면 최고속도 100-120km/h, 일층전 최대주행거리 150-200km 정도이며, 아직 양산체제에 돌입하지 않았기 때문에 가격면에서 경쟁력이 없는 실정이다. 그러나 1990년도에 들면서 각종 요소부품들의 기술수준이 급성장을 이루어서 앞으로 10년정도 후면 성능과 가격면에서 가솔린자동차와 대등한 수준의 전기자동차 개발이 실현될 수 있으리라 예측된다.는 영향받지 않았다. Clonidine의 심박수 감소작용은 .뇌실내및 정맥내 diltiazem이나 nifedipine 처리후에 감약되었다. 5). 뇌실내 clonidine$(30{\mu}g)$ 처 리후 뇌실내 diltiazem$(400{\mu}g)$과 nifedipine$(350{\mu}g)$의 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 영향 받지 않고 그대로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 diltiazem과 nifedipine은 가토뇌내에서 methoxamine에 의한 혈압상승의 작용점인 alrfia-1 adrenoceptor의 흥분에는 영향을 미치지 못하나 clonidine의 작용점인 alpha-2 adrenoceptor의 흥분에 의한 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 억제한다고 추론하였다.thin 함량은 110.6 mg/L로서 산업적인 생산성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이번 연구를 통하여 개발된 변이주 B76 및 이의 대량 발효를 위한 최종조건의 정립은 향후 astaxanthin의 산업적 생산공정에 필요한 기초자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.색총말내에 소형의 도형, 소형의 장형 연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE의 3가지 연접소포를 가지고 있었고 출현빈도수는 촉각엽에서 가장 큰 33%이었다. 제5형 신경연접은 축색종말내에 중등도크기의 원형, 대형의 원형연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE을 포함하였고 13%의 출현빈도수로 관찰되었다. 배추횐나비의 촉각에 있는 지각신경세포가 뇌의 촉각엽으로 뻗어 들어가 위의 5가지 신경연접중 어느 형을 형성하는지를 관찰하기 위하여 좌측 촉각의 기부를 제거하여 지각신경세포를 절단하였는데 그 결과, 좌측 촉각엽에서 제4형의 신경연접이 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.1 no.3 s.3
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• pp.108-115
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• 2000

The average height of buildings in most cities is increasing in an effort to more effectively use land. In addition, as construction technology develops, rapid construction methods have been pursued. However, while there have been great strides in construction technology, the development of a temporary structure that can support the high-rise building under construction and the rapid construction methods has been relatively limited. If the temporary structure is not built on an outer wall of a building being constructed, a worker may be injured or killed in a fall and building materials such as blocks and other objects may fall to the ground, causing the build-up of trash around the building and possible injuries to persons in proximity to the building. This paper proposes a Self Climbing Safety Fence for construction building(SCfence). SCfence was developed to solve the above problems, a tent has been setup to cover the outer wall of the building, or a falling preventing net has been pitched in a direction perpendicular to the outer wall of the building. A case study was performed to verify the validity of SCfence through comparing the safety and cost experience between SCfence and the existing method.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1073-1080
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• 2018

There are several types of petroleum products used for the fuel oil, according to their respective quality standards, grades and usage. Depending on the degree of oil tax rate by country, even the same petroleum products will have price gap. The illegal mixing of cheap petroleum products, which are subject to the lower tax rate, with relatively expensive transportation fuel causes problems such as tax evasion, environmental pollution and vehicle breakdown. In order to prevent illicit production and mixing of these different petroleum products, a small amount of markers are legally added to specific petroleum products. In Korea, markers are introduced and used to prevent illegal activity that kerosene used as fuel for house and commercial boiler are mixed with automotive diesel fuels, and marker contents are analyzed to use UV-Vis spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, we have developed a method to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the marker added to petroleum products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) without adding developing reagent or sample pre-treatments.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.129-136
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• 1985

This paper is carried out to determine the venous blood gas components and heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper, in blood between urban and rural teenager. The subjects were 34 in urban, Taegu city and 37 in rural, Euisung-Gun. But smokers were excluded. The specimens were sampled in May, 1985. The heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (IL. 551) and carboxy-Hb, Met-Hb, Hb, $O_2\;and\;CO_2$, blood gas analyzer (IL. 1301) and CO-oximeter (IL. 282). In urban group, $PO_2\;and\;O_2-Hb$ were significantly lower than in rural (p<0.01, p<0.03, respectively), and ${HCO_3}^{-}\;and\;TCO_2$ were significantly higher than in rural (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). CO-Hb concentration was rather higher in the rural group than the urban (p<0.03), other Met-Hb was higher in urban group than in the rural (p<0.01). Lead and cadmium were also significantly higher in the urban group (p<0.03, p<0.02, respectively).