• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2000

The Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMOs) (EC1.14.13.8) are NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes that catalyze oxidation of soft nucleophilic heteroatom centers in a range of structurally diverse compounds, including foods, drugs, pesticides, and other xenobiotics. In humans, FMO3 is quantitatively a major human liver monooxygenase. In the present study, the baculovirus expression vector system was used to overexpress human FMO3 in insect cells for catalytic studies. Six commercially available organic selenium compounds were examined for substrate activity with microsomes isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf)9 cells infected with human FMO3 recombinant baculovirus. While none of the aromatic heterocyclic selenides tested showed detectable activity, all dialkyl- and alkylaryl-selenides free from ionic groups catalyzed the NADPH- and O$_2$-dependent oxidation. Kinetic constants demonstrate that (based on Km) dialkyl-and alkylaryl- selenides are better substrates for human FMO3 than analogous nitrogen or sulfur compounds .

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigated the short-term effects of early weaning and protein intake on organ and cell growth, nitrogen metabolism and physiological functions of rats. Five groups of early weaned rats separated from the dam on the 15th day postpartum were each given one five diets consisting of either one of the three levels of casein-low(8%), -normal (16%), and -high(32%), or a normal level (16%) of isolated soy protein(ISP) or egg yolk protein, for 7 days. The normal weaned rats were fed maternal breast milk for three weeks from birth. On the 22nd day postpartum , all the rats were sacrificed . The weight gain of the early weaned rats, especially the ones fed high protein, was observed to be significantly lower than that of the normal weaned rats. By the 15th day, of early weaning and especially in the ISP-fed rats, the total DNA contents of liver and kidney, which may be said to represent an index of cell numbers, significantly decreased, but their fresh and dry weight and protein/DNA ratio, allegedly representing an index of cell size, significantly increased , not affecting the cell number and cell size of brain. There were no differences in total serum protein and albumin concentrations between early and normal weaned rats. In the early weaned rats observed , the serum urea N and $\alpha$-amino N concentrations significantly increased in high protein-fed rats, and decreased in low protein-fed rats. Another observation was that no significant difference was noticed as regards to serum GOT activity, total bilirubin, uric acid, and creatinine concentration, which may represent indices of liver and kidney functions, among rat groups, GPT activity was an exception . These results suggest that premature weaning and the quality and quantity of dietary protein significantly affect organ and cell growth and nitrogen metabolism but does not seriously affect physiological functions in the neonatal development of rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.788-805
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate effects of examination-stress and protein supplementation on nitrogen metabolism and blood protein levels of Korean college students. Experiment was conducted at the beginning of a academic term and during midterm examination. During midterm examination, subjects were classified into two groups randomly : protein supplemental group(male n=6, female n=10) and placebo group(male n=4, female n=9). Protein capsules(2g/day) above 10% of indispensible amino acids requirement estimates were given to supplemental group for 10 days. At the begining of the term, male students(n=12) ingested 223.15mgN/kg/d, excreted 20.7mgN/kg/d in feces, and excreted 94.31mgN/kg/d in urine. Their apparent protein protein digestibility was 90.72%, true N balance was +100.11mgN/kg/d, and the mean maintenance N requirement of mixed Korena diet calculated was 112.13mgN/kg/d. Female students(n=19) ingested 171.44mgN/kg/d, excreted 22.13mgN/kg/d in feces, and excreted 122.92mgN/kg/d in urine. Their apparent protein digestibility was 86.76%, true N blance was + 18.39mgN/kg/d, and the mean maintenance N requirement calculated was 135.31mgN/kg/d. Blood levels of serum total protein, albumin, and BUN were within normal range. During midterm examination, fecal and urinary N excretions of female subjects(n=19) were increased, especially urea N markedly, and urea N/creatinine N ratio was augumented significantly. Apparent protein digestibility of male subjects(n=10) was decreased. Examination-stress showed 8.05mgN/kg/d (7.2%) increase of mean maintenance N requirement in male and 8.55mgN/kg/d(6.3%) increase in female students in comparison with that of the beginning of the term. Serum total protein and albumin levels showed no significant change, but serum transferrin level of female were decreased significantly. During midterm examination, females supplemented with protein capsules(2g/d)had no significant increase in fecal and urinary N excretions.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 1986

Tissue distribution and blood chemistry of uranium in serum levels of BUN, Creatinine, SGPT and SGOT were determined in rats after the administration of uranylnitrate. Determination of uranium in organ was done by radio activation analysis. Radioactivity of $^{239}Np$ in lung was higher than in other tissues (e.g. liver, kidneys, spleen, tibia, testes, stomach and brain). Correlations between BUN and Creatinine were positively increased after the administration of 25 mg/kg uranylnitrate. The SGPT and SGOT activities showed weak correlation with the control group. However, activities of SGPT and SGOT after the administration of lmg/kg uranylnitrate showed high peak at 90 min interval. Uranium uptake by liver and kidneys increased at early period and decreased immediately to the control level. Lung who confirmed to be the critical organ on toxic effect by uranylnitrate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 1995

This study aimed to verify the nutritional and curative effects of protein hydroysate in rats model with gastric ulcer induced by restraint and water-immersion stress. Sprague-Dawley, famale rats weighing approximtely 200g were forced in 5$\times$5$\times$15cm plexiglas cage. The restraint and water immersion stress was carried at 20$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ for 8-hours. After stress 4 kinds of diets(10% casein, 20% casein, 10% casein hydrolysate, 20% casein hydrolysate) were given for 5 days. In the gastric ulcer rats model, the growth, gastric emptying rate, trypsin activity in gastrointestinal content, plasma total protein, albumin, $\alpha$-amino-N, UUN, creatinine and hydroxyproline of the urine and nitrogen retention were analyzed for nutritional effects of dietary nitrogen levels(10%, 20%) and sources (casein, casein hydrolysate). The results were as follows ; In gastric ulcer rats model, severeness of ulcer, plasma protein, gastric emptying rate, nitrogen retention rate were not different between 20% casein-fed group and 20% casein hydrolysatefed group. But 10% casein hydrolysate-fed group had more curative group. The casein hydrolysate diet-fed group was lower trysin activity in small intestianl content than the casein-fed group, at both casein level(10%, 20%). Finally at 20% levels, there was no difference between casein and casein hydrolysate diet, but 10% level, casein hydrolysate diet was more curative of ulcer than casein diet in gastric ulcer rat model. The results of this study provide useful information concerning diet therapy for the patients with gastrointestinal diseases and the field of enteral diet materials.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.167-178
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• 1970

Elucidation of the metabolic pathway due to 50% dietary restriction carried out in this study. Seventy male and female wealning rats, weighed $43{\pm}2g$ were divided into seven groups, 10 rats each. Twenty rats, ten males and ten females were sacrificed every three weeks after 50% dietary restriction for whole length of the experiment, nine weeks. Pair-feeding was employed in this study. According to the increment of the dietary restricted period, the body and organ weights were decreased. Especially liver and spleen were mostly shrinked in their weights, and brain was the most stable organ in account of dietary restricted effect. In comparison nitrogen retention between restricted and unrestricted groups, the former showed lower than the later but tubulated into the rate of Nitrogen retention per gram of body weight, reverse was true in this respect. In regardness of the experimental organs, spleen revealed the most fast change and the brain the most slow change their content of RNA and DNA in account of the 30% dietary restriction. Hematological investigation did not show any anemic conditions in both restricted and unrestricted groups. Also serum albumin contents A/G ratio, did not effect due to 50% dietary restrictions.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1981

In order to investigate the effects of ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate on the growth and absorption of nitrogen compounds supplied in the medium, Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) calli were suspension cultured in MS medium with various concentrations of ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate. When Korean ginseng calli were cultured with 10 mM ammonium citrate, 10 mM ammonium succinate, and 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control) in MS media as the nitrogen sources, the growth, $NO_3$-N absorption and total nitrogen content of the Korean ginseng cells were greatest in the ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate concentrations. When Korean ginseng calli were cultured with 5 mM ammonium citrate and 5 mM ammonium succinate, the growth and nitrogen content were superior to those of the control: however, $NO_3$-N and $NH_4$-N absorptions were similar to those of the control. In conclusion, the 10 mM ammonium citrate and 10 mM ammonium succinate may be better able to facilitate the growth and $NO_3$

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.82-82
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• 2019

종자은행은 종자를 보존하는 가장 경제적이고 효율적인 보전방법이지만, 수종에 따라 저장특성의 차이가 커서 수종별 저장방법의 확립이 필요하다. 초저온저장 방법은 세포 분열, 대사 작용을 정지 상태로 유지하므로 현재까지 장기간 보존을 위한 비용이 효율적이며 안정적인 방법이다. 공시재료는 멸종위기 야생식물 등 22종을 대상으로 하였다. 액체질소에 7일간 종자를 침지한 후 $37^{\circ}C$ 항온수조에서 10분간 해동하였다. 휴면이 있는 수종은 파종 전 종자를 저온습윤 하였고, 저온습윤 처리 후에도 휴면타파 되지 않는 수종은 농황산, 지베렐린을 개별 또는 혼용으로 처리하였다. 발아 및 유묘 평가는 $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$(광12h/암12h)조건에서 진행하였으며, 매일 28일차까지 발아조사를 수행한 후 평가하였다. 진달래속의 꼬리진달래와 철쭉이 초저온 민감성을 보였으며, 오리나무속의 물오리나무, 사방오리는 부분 민감성을 보였다. 민산초나무는 지하부건물중이 유의하게 감소한 결과를 보였으며, 이외의 수종은 초저온 민감성을 보이지 않았으므로 장기보존을 위한 초저온 동결보존이 가능한 것으로 보였다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of increases of nutrient level of TMR on dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance in growing dairy goats (Saanen). Twelve growing dairy goats weighing 17.5kg were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; low energy-low crude protein (CP) TMR (control; A), high energy-low CP TMR (B), low energy-high CP TMR (C) and high energy-high CP TMR (D). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67% and 11%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 13%. Dry matter intake was highest in D, and significantly higher in B than in C (p<0.05). Digestibility for dry matter and cell contents increased in proportion to dry matter intake. NDF digestibility was higher in D than in A, while ADF digestibility was higher in A and C than in B, but was not significant. Digestible nitrogen, apparently digested nitrogen and retained nitrogen were correlated with intake, and significantly higher in B than in C (p<0.05). Digestible energy and metabolizable energy were highest in D, and significantly higher in B than in C (p<0.05). Therefore, the present results showed that D or B were better than C for high intake, digestibility, nitrogen and energy utilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

The levels of polyamines were measured to investigate the alternative nitrogen metabolism during maturation and sprouting in rice. The rice plants (cv. Ansanbyeo) were cultivated in 20-year-old non-fertilized field. The flag leaves and spikes were collected weekly after the earing stage and the seeds were harvested daily after lodging. Free, bound, and conjugated polyamines were analyzed using reverse phase HPLC. Putrescine, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and tyramine were the major amines found in rice. The level of stress-induced amine, putrescine increased during the preharvest sprouting confirming that the process was a stress to the plants. With all other polyamines, tyramine in free form decreased in flag leaves and panicles during seed maturation. However, agmatine in bound form showed a noticeable increase about 8-fold during 6 weeks period of maturation after which it declined to the bottom level. Among the individual amines, tyramine and spermine in conjugated form showed a marked change during matutation and sprouting. Interestingly, the level of tyramine with all conjugated polyamine decreased in spikes during seed maturation and increased during preharvest sprouting implying that tyrosine decarboxyation and conjugation to phenolic acids may play a key role in preharvest sprouting. Spermine in conjugated form was synthesized only at the early earing stage in the level of $3.4mole\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight, and then decreased to the level of nmole during maturation. Thereafter, it dramatically increased to 2.8 mole during preharvest sprouting. In this study we found the tyramine is a major amine in rice, and it would play a critical role in N-assimilation during seed maturation and sprouting.